Millennium Development Goals and Jamaica Essay -- International Develo

The Millennium Development Goals (MDG) represents the basic necessities and rights that any human would want to enjoy. It is a nationwide commitment made in September 2000 at a United Nations Millennium Summit meeting by 189 countries including Jamaica (Sweetman, 2005, p.2). Its emergence came as a major objective in an fret toward global development within a fifteen (15) year period. These objectives are tar modeled at the poorest sets of people in the world and are geared towards eliminating severe pauperization and improving the provisions of good health and well-being. There are eight goals to be accomplished by 2015, each having much than one target. 1.Eradication of meagerness and hunger- the target is to half the rate of the worlds poverty and hunger and to achieve full and productive employment for all.2.Achieving universal primary education its aim, to envision that all children will at least attain and successfully complete the primary level education.3.Promoting gender equality and the empowerment of women aimed at seeing more women in parliament, girl to boy ratio in primary, secondary and tertiary schooling4.Decreasing child mortality that is, reducing the death rate by at least two-thirds in children who are under five (5) years old and ensuring that all infants are properly immunized by the time they get to age one.5.Improvement in maternal health aimed at reducing maternal mortality and ensuring that mothers giving birth are attended to by practised health personnel.6.Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases aimed at educating persons about the important use of condoms and contraceptives in order to reduce and prevent these diseases.7.Ensure environmental sustainability aimed at inte... ... also incurred a legacy of debt, has a very low growth rate, high crime rate and is considered to be risky borrowers.BIBLIOGRAPHYBOOKSSweetman, C. (2005).Gender and the Millennium Development Goal. Oxfam Publishers. Oxford, London.ARTICL ESsunshine Observer, September 26, 2010. To achieve the ultimate Millennium Development Goal.WEBSITESNational Report of Jamaica on MDG for the UN Economic and Social Council Annual Ministerial Review, Geneva 2009. Planning lend of Jamaica. Retrieved on November16, 2010 form www.jm.undp.org/ National ReportUnited Nations (2000), Millennium Development Goals. Retrieved November 17, 2010 from www.mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspxWorld Health Organization (2005). Health and the Millennium Goals, retrieved November18, 2010 from www.who.int/topics/millennium_development_goals/en

The Horror of Nuclear Weapons Essay -- Nuclear Weapons Essays

The world trembled when America dropped the atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The world trembled once over again years later, but this time to the heavy steps of Godzilla. Along with him came his highly radioactive body leaving trails of radioactive residue. His main abilities were his plasma breath ray, impedance to normal artillery units, and great strength. He was created for a horror movie that showed the effect of what worried the Japanese at the time- Nuclear weapons. In the movie, he represents pure evil, destroying everything in his path. He is, however, only a product of mankind, and cannot help that fact. What drew the great beast from the ocean depths? Godzilla was created by H-Bomb testing at Bikini Atoll, 1954. The coach of the film was inspired after the radioactive fallout from the test scorched a Japanese fishing vessel, The Lucky Dragon, with deadly effects. They were supposedly in a safe zone. Many of its crew were seriously burned and despite intensive m edical care, one man on the Lucky Dragon died from radiation sickness. In the Godzilla movie, originally named Gojira, the director ended the movie with a lesson that the American producer cut out. After the failure of conventional arms, a horrible but non-atomic weapon puts an end to Godzillas wrath, and unlike the Americans and their H-bombs, the Japanese destroy the secret of their super-weapon, saving future generations. Why did they cut that out? Could it have anything to do with the biological weapons testing on Bikini Atoll? At the end of World War II, the United States was granted control over 29 Atolls and five islands that compose the Marshall Islands. At that time, gravel S. Truman decided that the testing of nuclear weapons would be necessary to de... ...? A man named Kitamura sees Godzillas message over the years as being very simple I think when you look back over time at the bad things that people do to each new(prenominal), that countries do to each other, and th at races do to each other you will see that they are pretty much unchanging. Although Godzilla gets his message across in a very strange way, by destroying everything in sight, basically what he is saying is dont hurt other people, dont do bad things.I think that people are basically very small beings, and it is because we are small beings that we conflict amongst each other. I think, although Godzilla is something we created, in many ways he is much bigger than us. And by looking perhaps at us through his eyeball he shows us that we are very small and the things that we are doing are very small. Godzilla is an excellent example of the horror of nuclear bombs.

Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird :: Harper Lee Kill Mockingbird Essays

harper Lees To garbage down a MockingbirdHarper Lees To scratch off a Mockingbird is a highly regarded work of American fiction. The story of the novel teaches us m each lessons that should last any reader for a lifetime. The messages that Harper Lee relays to the reader are exemplified throughout the book using various systems. One of the most important and significant methods was the procedure of symbols such as the flouter image. Another important method was showing the view through a growing childs (Scout Finch) mind, eyes, ears, and mouth. There is another very significant method that was used. In the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee utilizes the effects of irony, sarcasm, and hypocrisy to criticize a variety of elements in Southern life.Harper Lee employs the effects of irony in To Kill a Mockingbird as a way to criticize the deficiency of public education. Now tell your father not to teach you any more. Its best to begin reading with a fresh mind. (pG. 22) Instead of praising Scouts ability to read at an advanced level, Miss Caroline discourages it. This ironic exemplar set by Miss Caroline seems to demonstrate the inadequate training that she had received for her occupation. Miss Caroline seems to have been instructed upon a strict standard on how her students are expected to behave, but when she encounters something different, such as Scouts advanced ability to read, she advises Scout to stop being advanced, whereas a modern-day schoolteacher would capitalize on Scouts ability to read and encourage her to read more. You wont learn to write until youre in the third grade. (pg. 23) The strict, recipe-style, rubric method of teaching that Miss Caroline uses is once once more emphasized here. Miss Caroline once again discourages Scouts advanced abilities and regards Scouts ability with contempt. The Dewey Decimal System consisted, in part, of Miss Caroline waving cards at us which were printed the, cat, rat, man, and you. (pg. 23) The Dewey T eaching Method was supposed to place an emphasis on active learning, yet the irony in Miss Carolines use of it was that her teaching method wasnt active at all. It was, in fact, extremely passive. The students in the class didnt do anything. They became extremely bored and learned very little. As I have established, the use of irony clearly reveals the deficiency of the public education system in the 1930s. Teachers did not seem to be trained enough to handle the vast abilities of their students.

Over the Rhine Essay -- Music Musicians Bands Essays

Over the RhineIt is a rare occurrence in interchangeable a shots over-amplified, bass-kicking vocalise world to leave a concert feeling as if you actu whollyy heard the music. Over the Rhine provided one of those concerts on Thursday October second at Birdys Bar and Grill in Indianapolis. My personal congratulations to the sound guy, whos mixing allowed the audience to really hear all the variant layers of music and different instrumentation really being played.Another rare occurrence real songwriters and musicians playing their own music The five-piece bent is led by vocalist, Karin Barquist, and her keep up Linford Detweiler, keyboardist and collaborator. The rest of the band consists of Paul Moak who played the sitar during the opening song and lead guitar during most of the others, Will Seyles on drums, and Rick Plant on bass guitar. however Barquist seems to be the key member in the band. She has all the qualities a good lead singer should have great voice, good-looking , poised, mature and confident. She really runs the show up there, and devises it look effortless in the process. The style of music cannot really be defined as one genre. The audience made it even harder to discern the affable of music being played. The people ranged in ages, gender, race, and dress. They just seemed like real people, not trying to be any part of one group, just like their music. This mix of folky, pop, one attempt at a slowly spoken rap song, and country music produced all different kinds of songs. The songs have the type of nomenclatures that make you relate your own life to every single one of them. Theyre deep, and well thought out. Barquist doesnt just repeat the same nonsense lyric over and over. Her voice, to me, sounds a little like my favorite artist, Sarah McLaughlin. moreover it could really go any way she wanted hard, soft, loud, weak, whiny, smooth, short and breathy. I have in like manner heard her compared to singer Norah Jones. It seems like th e marital bond between Barquist and Detweiler might have served as a source for lyric material. On Thursday night, the form at Birdys was adorned with oriental rugs, candles, and vases of flowers to create ambiance. It was nice, but they wouldnt have needed it, the music spoke for itself. They played songs from two of their albums, Good Dog hazardous Dog, but mostly their latest, Ohio. This album is the one that drew the crowd ... ...never articulate. A couple of other songs they played were Bothered, Cruel and Pretty and Changes Come. If you had never heard the band before tonight, this is where you would probably think all the songs sounded very similar. Slow, piano and sad. The variety lies in the songwriting, if you start paying attention to the lyrics now, youd have a different opinion. I almost think what they say is so poignant sometimes it should be in a book or poem by itself. But on the other hand, if you took away the way Barquist sings it, or the accompanying instrume ntation, I doubt you would get the same idea. They can even make an acoustic guitar sound like its in pain and crying.They performed two songs during a much appreciated encore, the title track to their new album, Ohio, and a freestyle guitar solo. Even though all their songs are pretty much slow and sad, I left the concert feeling as if I had just experience every emotion or feeling there was. There style is so soft and bare. They lay it all on the table, take it or leave it. Not interested in mainstream, happy with their underground following, and plus one more fan after the show in Indianapolis.

Intertextuality Essay -- essays research papers fc

What is inter schoolbookuality? How does intertextuality challenge E.D. Hirschs idea that a text has a single importee created by its author? Explain with reference to examples drawn from any media format.According to American literary critic, E.D. Hirsch, in order to interpret a body of text, one must ask ones self the only question that can be answered objectively what, in all probability, did the author mean to convey? He believed that the authors intended meaning equates the meaning of a text and it is in fact, the reviewers duty to uncover the the authors intentions. The meaning of a text and its authors intentions are one and the same. Hirschs concept revolves around the assumption that a body of text is original, and is purely a body of the authors sole intentions. The production of text, if one were to adhere to Hirschs system, is therefore exclusive to the authors own ideas and concepts and free of outside influence. However, the notions of langue and parole disputes th is idea. According to Barthes in 1984, It la langue is the social part of language, the individual cannot himself either create or modify it. Furthermore, Ferdinand de Saussures work on structural anthropology and semiotics demonstrates the subjectivity of language and can be said to have sewn the seeds for modern concepts of intertextuality (such as those developed by Roland Barthes and Julia Kristeva). Intertextuality challenges the idea of a texts ability to be truly original and therefore disagrees with Hirschs theory. In this essay, I will focus on how conscious intertextuality as hearty as the semiotics involved in unconscious intertextuality both dispute the idea that the meaning of a text belongs exclusively to its authors intentions. Julia Kristeva, who was the archetypal to implement the term intertextuality, proposed the idea that a text should not be interpreted merely by its words at face value, but in like manner studied based on other works it has adapted and was influenced by. The concept can be further expanded upon by Gunther Kress notion of ceaseless semiosis which brings to set down the social aspect of a texts creation. From the beginning, I use materials which I have encountered before, which bear the meanings of their social contexts, to weave a new text which, because it is woven from materials of other texts, everywhere and always connects with those other te... ...mpaigns, can now be seen as the qualities Bridget desires by smoking Silk Cut.Once again, Hirschs idea of a text bearing only one singular meaning can be easily disputed. The interpretation of the Silk Cut advertisement, as well as the use of Silk Cut cigarettes in Bridget Joness Diary, is highly subjective and dependent on the readers cultural literacy and existing knowledge.Intertextuality in the media, both print and otherwise, has rick too powerful to ignore, especially in this day and age. The internet, satirical texts, advertisements and books are only some exa mples that demonstrate the effects other works and a readers prior knowledge have on any given text. Intertextuality in its various states, conscious and unconscious, is certainly a valid contention against the theory of E.D. Hirsch.Bibliography, References & Notes 1) Cultural Consumption and Everyday Life, Reading As Production, John Storey, Pg 63, Arnold, London, 19992) Intertextuality, Allen.G, Pg 9, Routledge, London 20003) http//web.uvic.ca4) http//www.theonion.com5) http//www.geocities.com/howtodressemo6) http//www.aber.ac.uk7) Reading Ads Socially. Goldman. R, Routledge, London, 1992

Intertextuality Essay -- essays research papers fc

What is intertextuality? How does intertextuality challenge E.D. Hirschs musical theme that a text has a item-by-item look uponing created by its germ? Explain with reference to examples drawn from any media format.According to American literary critic, E.D. Hirsch, in order to interpret a carcass of text, one must ask ones self the only question that can be answered objectively what, in all probability, did the indite mean to convey? He believed that the authors intended meaning equates the meaning of a text and it is in fact, the readers duty to uncover the the authors intentions. The meaning of a text and its authors intentions are one and the same. Hirschs concept revolves around the assumption that a body of text is original, and is purely a body of the authors sole intentions. The production of text, if one were to adhere to Hirschs theory, is therefore exclusive to the authors have got ideas and concepts and free of external influence. However, the whimsys of langue and parole disputes this idea. According to Barthes in 1984, It la langue is the social part of language, the individual cannot himself either create or modify it. Furthermore, Ferdinand de Saussures school on structuralism and semiotics demonstrates the subjectivity of language and can be said to have sewn the seeds for modern concepts of intertextuality (such as those developed by Roland Barthes and Julia Kristeva). Intertextuality challenges the idea of a texts ability to be truly original and therefore disagrees with Hirschs theory. In this essay, I will focus on how witting intertextuality as wellhead as the semiotics involved in unconscious intertextuality some(prenominal) dispute the idea that the meaning of a text belongs exclusively to its authors intentions. Julia Kristeva, who was the first to use the term intertextuality, proposed the idea that a text should not be interpreted merely by its words at face value, but also studied based on other whole kit and boodle it has adapted and was influenced by. The concept can be further expanded upon by Gunther Kress notion of ceaseless semiosis which brings to light the social aspect of a texts creation. From the beginning, I use materials which I have encountered before, which bear the meanings of their social contexts, to weave a new text which, because it is woven from materials of other texts, everywhere and always connects with those other te... ...mpaigns, can now be seen as the qualities Bridget desires by smoking Silk Cut.Once again, Hirschs idea of a text bearing only one singular meaning can be easily disputed. The interpretation of the Silk Cut advertisement, as well as the use of Silk Cut cigarettes in Bridget Joness Diary, is highly subjective and dependent on the readers cultural literacy and existing knowledge.Intertextuality in the media, both print and otherwise, has become too powerful to ignore, especially in this day and age. The internet, satirical texts, advertisements and books a re only some examples that demonstrate the effects other works and a readers prior knowledge have on any given text. Intertextuality in its various states, conscious and unconscious, is certainly a reasonable contention against the theory of E.D. Hirsch.Bibliography, References & Notes 1) Cultural Consumption and Everyday Life, Reading As Production, John Storey, Pg 63, Arnold, London, 19992) Intertextuality, Allen.G, Pg 9, Routledge, London 20003) http//web.uvic.ca4) http//www.theonion.com5) http//www.geocities.com/howtodressemo6) http//www.aber.ac.uk7) Reading Ads Socially. Goldman. R, Routledge, London, 1992

Piggy Essay

Piggy was the most technical and constructional boy in his group. Piggy represented technology, which must be built upon the basis of order of civilization. Under Ralphs unstable rule, Piggys words were not listened. Because things that directly affect their daily life, such as safe food and concern of monster, were more important than hopes to be rescued, people overlooked Piggys opinions. Under barbarian society, technology was never utilize for its adequate purpose. When power takes over order, Piggy was abused frequently, for he was not an important source of dictators beguile. Piggy frequently argued about tars decisions, and, someday, Piggy would harm dictators position, with his practical methods to be rescued.First of all, Piggy had many useful items and smart idea to use them sagely for everyone. His glasses were the only method to make signal to outside of the island. He guaranteed warm, safe night and food as well. While superstitious rumor were interconnected from ea ch boy, Piggy suggested another signal on the beach. By his death, he remembered his initial goal, to be rescued, while other boys were fallen in the lawless tender-hearted nature. His actions were not only for himself, but also for everyone. As organism a vestige of lost human civilization, he tried to remind boys the hope of being rescued, and to be organized. However, Piggys opinions were not convincing to uncivilized boys, who wanted plans that can make improvements in their lives immediately, but not a preparation that would in stages lead them toward better outcome.Second of all, Piggy had no leadership, because he was physically not appealing, and was not clever enough to send his messages explicitly. He had no interest in playing with other boys, so he did not have any friend, who could support his opinion. He spoke out his opinion regardless of others when something does not work in his mind. Most of conversations Piggy had were scolding others, uniform adult disciplinin g children. Having anything that would return other boys minds, Piggy became an irritant to other boys. Later, he was disregarded by other boys. Therefore, as he was disregarded, his saying also had only a little power. If only he showed his politeness and diligence like an adult, boys would have relied on Piggy.Last of all, Piggy developed plots by making a new topic in the group. He was a strong booster dose of Ralph accordingly he deepened the conflict between barbarism and civilization. He suggested practical and reasonable opinions that deserve to be praised in the civilized society. However, he was deserted and ignore by barbarism. In the correspondence with the theme, Piggy amplified the bad aspect of barbarism. Every boy was adapted in civilized world, but possessed savage replete(predicate) as well. Piggy did the job of the symbol of vestige of civilization after barbarism overwhelmed civilization. Golding advanced the theme with Piggy, by showing reckless behavior of bo ys, pretense to be civilized, but illustrating barbarism.Piggy was outstanding in thinking, but poor in eloquence. He deserves to be praised that Piggy did not care of others ungrounded blames, so he suggested his proper opinions. However, it is definitely wrong that Piggy didnt consider others mind. However, Golding used Piggy in a instinct that how people these days in a civilization may not care for others feelings and be selfish, but smart and effective in other way.

Alibr Essay

Belonging Essay Sometimes it is hard to balance be to a mathematical group with keeping ones feature individual identity. How has your study of the prescribed test and two texts of your own choosing either supported or conflicted with this idea? An essential element of belonging is ones identity as it provides an understanding of the group to which one belongs. However, it is often difficult to retain ones indistinguishability while belonging to a item community.This difficulty is evident in Sara Gavrons film Brick Lane and Shaun Tans Stick Figures (Tales From Outer Suburbia), where both composers highlight the loss of individuality as a result of group conformation. In dividing line, William Shakespeares play As You Like It demonstrates the converse as it highlights that it is possible to balance belonging to group while keeping ones alone(p) identity. As a result, by comparing the exploration of all three composers, a responder wad enhance their understanding of the influ ences that affect ones virtuoso of belonging and identity.As one becomes part of a group an understanding of their own unique identity can often be enriched. This is evident in William Shakespeares play As You like It through Orlando, whose development of a sense of familial belonging empowers his own self-understanding. This is evident through the contrast between Orlandos initial dejected state and final sense of berth. This is evident through Orlandos other(a) despondence in the play in in this world I fill up a place, which may be better supplied when I grow made it empty. The impersonal tone associated with a place alludes to Orlandos own feeling of alienation and isolation as a result of a omit of connection with others. This is reinforced through the hollow connotations of empty which accentuate Orlandos lack of understanding of himself. However, this is contrasted with the conclusion of the play, as Orlando develops his sense of familial belonging with his companion Ol iver. This sense of empowerment is evident in you have my consent where Orlandos dominance is evidence through his approval of his brothers wishes.This emphasises his enhanced status and identity, solely a result of his sense of belonging. As a result it can be seen that it is Orlandos belonging to a group that nourishes his sense of identity. Antithetically, when a responder considers Sara Gavrons film Brick Lane the converse of Shakespeares exploration becomes prominent. This evident when considering the character of Karim, a London-born Pakistani man.As a result of Karims pagan and religious heritage, he experiences a sense of alienation from the wider community as evident in Go home Paki The derogatory term of Paki compounded with the outraged tone created through the exclamation, Gavron demonstrates Karims social alienation. It is this isolation that yields his identity as evident in this is my home. The blunt nature of Karims statement highlights his resoluteness and assu rance with his own unique multicultural self.Despite this, Karims identity begins to waver as he becomes part of a Muslim group that fights for understanding. This is evident through the contrast in costuming used by Gavron. Initially, she characterises Karim in a combination of western and Pakistani clothes, but as he joins the group, these western elements begin to disappear. This results in Karim conformist to the dress code of the other group members, implying the loss of his own unique identity as a result of his belonging.Hence, Gavron, unlike Shakespeare emphasises that ones sense of identity can be lost through their connection with a group. In certain situations it is often difficult to retain a sense of unique identity while being part of a group. This is elucidated in Shaun Tans Stick Figures where the Stick Figures are shown to be alienated from their homeland collect to industrialization. Tan emphasises that by belonging to this group of isolated individuals, a person can lose their sense of identity in faceless clod. The

Urbanization and Its Effects

Introduction Chapter No. 1 urbanisation brings about a social revision. This is most prominent in the expansion of entrepreneurship and industrialization. It is inhabitn that the continue of the landless projecter and the absorption of riches into a few hands promote urbanization. A lot of heap say that urbanization is the predictable terminus of economic egression, with the produce of expert craftsmen, merchants, and proprietors. urban emersion or urbanization brings an attraction for the stack residing in artless theatre of operationss. They get attracted by the luxuries, comforts and opportunities which population of cities atomic subjugate 18 enjoying.Both the natural step-up ( exis disco biscuitce gain) and net migration are the study contributory factors to urban growth. As in other parts of the world, although the urban growth in Pakistan is dominated by the natural increase, about one-fifth of this growth is certified to internal migration. Internal mi gration or urbanization has played a major role in the expansion of the existence density in the major cities of Pakistan. Internal migration has similarly been in truth primary(prenominal)(prenominal) in the fast growth of these cities. urbanization is more rapid than a world growth.People are moving from country areas to urban areas for a let on flavorspan standard, to seek demote note education, mesmerizing work places. Besides all the positive aspects of urbanization, it also has a ostracise impact on the deliverance which includes the loss of agriculture land, urban regimen supply like vegetables, wheat, rice, maize etc. , the devastating of habitats and urban diseconomies. Economy of Pakistan olibanum has both negative as well as positive effect of urbanization. Further moving on with the events of personal effects of urbanization on Pakistani economy, we consume to know the conditions of the economy of Pakistan at present.The economy of Pakistan and the eff ects of urbanization on Pakistani economy are discussed in below Economy of Pakistan The economy of Pakistan is placed to be the 27th oversizedst in dollar terms. Pakistan is surrounded by chemical industries, textiles, agriculture, victuals processing and other industries, which makes it the semi-industrialized economy. The economy of Pakistan has suffered a lot in the retiring(a) from senior lofty inflation rates, increase poverty directs, low calibre of education, terrorism and a fast growing population. The economy of Pakistan has been going through hard times since last 5 to 6 grades.The gross domestic strugglee (GDP) of Pakistan is US$167 billions, which makes it 48th largest economy in the world Today Pakistan is said to be having the 2nd largest economy in the South Asia. In Pakistan GDP growth and a prominent jump out in the industrial and service sector remained in the range of 6% to 8% in 2004 to 2006, callable to the transition by the Musharraf organization in the year 2000. In year 2005 World Bank named Pakistan to be the top reformer in its part and in the top 10 reformers throughout the world/globally. Pakistans GDP gross domestic product is estimated to be $475. billion if measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). The per capita Income in Pakistan is estimated to be 23% to 28%. GDP growth rate was stable during the mid of 2000 at a rate of 7% however it slowed down cod to the economic crisis of 2008 to 4. 7%. Pakistan has a lavishly inflation rate of 24. 4% and a low savings rate which makes it posteriorbreaking to sustain a high growth rate. In year 2005 inflation rate jumped to more than 9% and reduced to 7. 9% in year 2006. pastime the route, in year 2008 gaseous state prices hit the highest price in Pakistan as high as 25. 0%.The State Bank of Pakistan is adopting the policy to tighten its monetary policy to preserve the growth of Pakistan. In year 2007 and 2008, the prominent rise in the international vegetable oil an d fodder prices on combining with the internal political confusion leads to macroeconomics imbalances in Pakistan. In year 2008, Pakistan aspectd a balance of payment deficit. The government agreed to an International monetary standby agreement to overcome the balance of payment crisis. simply all through year 2009-10 its current account strengthened and foreign supervene upon funds stabilized mainly due to reduced oil prices and track record remittances from workers abroad.Unfortunately, in July-August 2010 the agriculture output reduced which contributed to a jump in inflation. Government funds were spent on the recreation and reconstruction which led to special(a) recourses with the government. Pakistan keeps on emphasizing on the reduction of poverty, illiteracy, terrorism and social protection. It also works hard to enhance the weakest sections of the guild. Pakistan also has a vital infrastructure, especially in water man suppuratement, transport, communication, educati on and energy. The economy is of Pakistan is divided into three sectors agriculture, industry and work.The office to total GDP is mentioned below in terms of percentages. Agriculture includes off the beaten track(predicate)ming, fishing and forestry. application includes mining, manufacturing, construction and power production. Services include communications, finance, transferee etc. The distribution will total less than 100% if the data is incomplete. Agriculture has a contribution of 21. 2% in the total GDP of Pakistan. Industry sector has 25. 4% share in the total GDP of Pakistan whereas services sector has the highest contribution of 53. 4%. Pakistan is facing economic and political instability these days.The government is also destabilized and losing its control. The rapid development of cities is a regular and a persistent demographic occurrence in most of the developing countries including Pakistan. This rise has led to an increase in the degree of urbanization. In Paki stan, the most recent study says that 34% of the people are living in urban areas and about 66% of people are living in homespun areas. It has been predicted that the take of urbanization in 2015 would increase by 39. 5%. The most recent study, states that the growth rate of Pakistan is 1. 73% and the population density of Pakistan is 177. 37 people per sq. km. Pakistan is grouped with countries having moderate level of urbanization it has the highest share of population living in cities (urban areas) among the South Asian countries. It has also been projected that about half of Pakistans population will be living in cities by the year 2030. Year 2011 has proved out to be another difficult year for the economy of Pakistan because it could only achieve the growth of 2. 4% against the target of 4. 5 %. This was even worse and weaker than the growth rate achieved in year 2010.The slowdown in the growth was predicted right at the time country suffered from devastating effects of the f lood in August 2010. Growth was in a weak position, as the government had to transfer funds for the rehabilitation and recreational purposes for the flood victims. another(prenominal) important factor that constrained growth was the energy crisis/power shortage in the country. Numbers of industries are shifted in Bangladesh due to energy shortfall, rising furnace oil prices, stick out forced power producers to run below capametropolis. The resulting shortage of power has added to the energy deficit to the country.If we look at the agriculture sector of Pakistan in detail we will come to know that it showed a strong improvement after the devastating impact of the floods in early 2011. This recovery was mainly due to stemma sector, along with minor crops and some major crops (wheat and sugar tine). Despite the significant losses caused by the floods, growth in the livestock subsector was adequate to interpret much necessary momentum to agriculture growth. Trade and payments is the backbone of the Pakistani economy, in year 2011 total exports recorded a constructive growth of 27. % for the period of first ten months (July-April) against an increase of 8. 0% in the similar time period of previous year 2010. In total, exports have gone up from $15,773. 2 million to $20,154. 2 million in the period. On the other side imports in the first ten months of the current year 2011have gone up with an increase of 14. 7% against the self like(prenominal) period of the last year attaining to 32. 2%. Education is considered to be very important in any economy, if we look at the literacy rate of Pakistan basing on the age groups then we see (10 years and above age group ) the total literacy rate in year 2008-2009 was 57. % which has increased to 57. 7% in year 2009-2010, which increased by 0. 5% in the current year. And if we look at the literacy rate basing on the provinces wise then the literacy was as follows Sindh 58. 2 percent Punjab 59. 6 percent Balochistan 51. 5 p ercent Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa 50. 9 percent. Total expenditures budgeted for health services are Rs. 42. 0 billion out of which Rs. 18. 7 billion for development in health awe centers and Rs. 23. 3 billion for current expenditures which is equal to 0. 23 percent of GDP which is 79 billion in contrast to previous year.Pakistans total population according to the census of 2011 is 177. 10 million and it is considered to be the 6th popular country in the world. And if the population keeps on increase with the same tendency it will be 191. 7 million by year 2015 and 242. 1 million by 2030. The growth rate in Pakistan is calculated to be 2. 05 percent at present and the total fertility rate is 3. 5 children per woman. In Pakistan the life expectancy is 67. 9 for women and 64. 18 for men. And if we talk about the labor force of Pakistan we whitethorn conclude that it is the 9th largest country in the world basing on the size of its labor force which is 54. 2 million. Pakistan has given a gre at caution towards its infrastructure i. e. transport and communication and if we talk about the communication sector of Pakistan, then we may conclude that only 3 percent of the total population is using post paid connections whereas prepaid connection users are 97 percent. The total cellular subscribers have crossed 102. 8 million so far in Pakistan. Now that we have given a glance at the current position of the economy of Pakistan, we need to know what urbanization is. And why is it increase at a very rapid pace in Pakistan?Urbanization After going through the economy of Pakistan in detail, we now need to know what urbanization is. Urbanization is a transformation of rural life to urban life. Urbanization takes place when people living in rural areas (villages) decides to move to urban areas (cities or towns) to seek better living standards or for seeking better employment opportunities or to maximize their incomes. One of the interpretations of urbanization is stated as, Urba nization is the transformation of rural conditions (farms and bantam towns) to urban conditions (huge cities).We can also say that urbanization is the migration of population from rural areas to urban areas. This definition tells us that urbanization takes place when a rural life transforms into an urban life. Rural life is a life where people work on farms and fields, whereas urban life is a complete reverse gear life where people work in big offices, they have better lumber education, they dresses up professionally for their offices, they uses beat out possible ways of communication and transportation.Urban life provides us with better quality living, better education facilities, better job opportunities, better infrastructure and better entertainment facilities apart from work. Another definition that I would like to state here is, The change in a country or a region which is caused by the movement of the population from rural to urban areas is known as urbanization. The de finition clearly explains that when people reincarnate from villages towards towns or cities, migration takes place.Migration of people from villages towards cities causes a change in that grumpy region where immigrants course of study to live in. The changes that can be seen within that particular region may be more food consumption, increase in rate of unemployment, increase in rate of poverty, it may also effect literacy rate mortality rates are also existence affected. Another definition of urbanization that I came crosswise is, Urbanization can also be termed as the quick and huge growth of and migration to cities from the villages.Urbanization is the name for the movement of people from rural (villages) to urban areas (cities), then results in increasing the population. This definition is also similar to the above definition. This definition also makes clear that urbanization takes place when people of the rural areas tends to move towards the urban areas, this movement is quick and thus it increases the growth of the particular area of the cities as compared to rural life.By this definition we can come to know that apart from the increase of the population in any particular area of a urban center or movement of people from the rural areas. It is also more of a change in the employment sector the industrialization sector the service industry sector and also the agriculture sector. The definition is stated as, The increase in the analogy of the population residing in towns, brought about by migration of rural populations into towns and cities, or the higher urban levels of natural increase resulting from the greater proportion of people of childbearing age in cities.Urbanization indicates a change of employment structure from agriculture and cottage industries to mass production and service industries. Another definition that tells us that urbanization brings a change in the market size, health care services are also increased due to increase in the population size, transportation and communication services are also increased when urbanization takes place. Urbanization brings a change in many a(prenominal) sectors either directly or indirectly, because many factors are dependent on urbanization.The definition that tells us about the changing factors and sectors is stated below. Urbanization is the rapid population growth, increase in industrialization, increase in transportation and communication, increase in health services, increase in market size etc. Urbanization comprises of population immigration to an already existing area or a town as a result of which causes expansion of that specific region at the expense of rural land. The process of a society transforming from rural to urban can be stated as urbanization.As the number of people moving into cities rise, urban centers expand too, erasing rural, agricultural and forestland in their wake. Urbanization mainly occurs due to the reasonable economic variations within both rural and urban areas. As agriculture is becoming more and more technologically forward-looking so it has now been replaced by machines and people are becoming jobless in rural areas because their work is creation replaced by the machines. This has tended to move people from rural to urban areas because urban areas have ample job opportunities.In rise to power to above issue, urbanization is increasing cursorily because rural life and working on farms and fields is becoming unpredictable due to sudden happening of floods, deficiency of any other important seed, fertilizer or pesticides and deadly diseases which are fatal. On the contrary, urban areas posses great business opportunities, healthy jobs, better living standards and infinite number of services in terms of universities, schools, hospitals, housing, transportation etc.Great miscellany of entertainment sources, such as hotels, cinemas, discos, clubs, restaurants etc and many other leisure time places and events wh ich forces people to move to urban areas. We can also say that urbanization is a flow of physical growth of urban areas which is bringing about a global change. The question arises in our minds that why do people choose to migrate? What are the reasons that people choose to plan a shift from rural living standard to an urban living standard? What are the consequences of this shift? To resultant these questions, first of all we need to know what a city is.As old as species, people have gathered in the densely populate and passing structured areas, to which we call cities. Cities in the beginning were established 5,000 years ago, but from the past 200 years-with the advent and spread of industrial sector and with the increase in the global population which is rising with a prominent rate, which tells us that cities have grown considerably in size and number. In the beginning of the twentieth century only one-tenth of a person lived in the cities, but today the proportion of urban an d rural people is approximately equal.It has been estimated that by the soak up of 2025 about 2/3rd of the worlds population will live in the urban areas called cities. In the terms of economics, all cities are same basing on the pursuance functions they perform for example manufacturing, retailing, and services (doctors, professors etc). These sources provides plenty of job opportunities for the individuals residing in the cities, thus it provides wealth which ultimately provides a better living standard. The larger a city is the more numerous and highly specialized its functions are.By contrast, smaller cities and towns have fewer functions, which tend to be of a more general nature. Karachi in Pakistan is the highly populated and has high density rate in comparison to other cities like Lahore and Islamabad etc. In large cities we find clinics and hospitals in all-embracing range of places. Big food chains like McDonalds, Kfc, Pizza hut etc are rarely seen in small cities but i n the large cities we find them at every passing way. People are tending to move towards the cities because of the taking opportunities, people of the cities are benefited from. there are lots of wealth opportunities in the cities, new business techniques are used to expand the business. Transportation is used which is considered to be the fastest medium of travelling in the cities whereas in the rural areas people are still using bullock-carts. Cities with best facilities and the best opportunities have made life easier to live. People in the cities can live comfortably and flatten a peace full life. They can also enjoy the luxuries of the lives. Whereas people n the rural areas have to travel to the cities, to taking into custody the opportunities and facilities provided in the cities.Many of the people in the rural areas travel due to medical worrys. As there is a lack of better hospitals and specialized doctors. Cities can also be outlined basing on their social composition. Cities are typically places with a large, dense, and heterogeneous, or varied, population. As cities have expanded and mass communications which has dispersed urban values, however, it expires increasingly difficult to identify a uniquely urban life style. Now if we compare an urban life with a rural life we get to know the spare-time activity differences between the two. The contrast between the two has been discussed below.Urban life is the result of individual and corporate efforts, which tends to reduce expenses and time in communicating and transportation, also improves opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation. aliment in cities allows individuals along with their families to take benefits from efficient jobs and effective job-places, a worth living life style, and a marketplace competition. People are moving into cities to grab different opportunities provided in cities. In villages, it is difficult to improve ones standard of living beyond basic nour ishment because the whole family is dependent on a small family farm.Farm living is dependent on volatile ecological conditions, and in times of deficiency, flood or deadly disease, survival becomes extremely difficult and challenging. Cities, in contrast, are the places where wealth, money, services are in abundance. Cities are the places where fortunes are made and where societal mobility is possible. Businesses, which create great number of job vacancies and excessive amount of capital, are generally situated in urban areas. Whether it is through buying and selling (trade) or tourism (sightseeing), it is all the way through the cities that foreign exchange flows into a country from another country.Therefore it is the wish of every individual living in the rural areas to move to cities and make abundance of money to send back home to their struggling families. There are enhanced and essential services as well in the cities that are not found in the villages. There are great variet ies of jobs and plenty of job opportunities in urban areas as compared to the rural areas. Physical condition and physical health is another key factor. People, when become old and weak are mostly sent to cities for a better health check-up with the help of specialized doctors and hospital.There are also various attractive factors which becomes a reason that why people of the villages tend to move to the urban areas. Those factors includes cinemas, amusement parks, restaurants, shopping complexes and malls etc. other than entertainment it also provides a better quality of education, namely universities as compared to the rural areas. Effects of urbanization on Pakistani economy Once we are done with the discussion about urbanization, life in cities, and the contrast of urban life with a rural life. We have to see what effects urbanization has on the economy of Pakistan.It can either have positive effects or negative effects, may be the mixture of both can also be seen. Urbanization in Pakistan has increased very rapidly as compared to any other South Asian country. The people who are migrating from rural to urban, are in search for a better quality of life, but they are totally unaware of the fact that their this move is resulting in a chaos in the urban areas, a burden on the economy as well as an adverse effect on the quality of life. This high, in fact very much high rate of urbanization has also resulted in an increase ofdifficulties for the managementas well.Almost 3% to 4% ofthenational population is moving to urban areas every year. The economy of the country in case of GDP rate has improved a bit due to this urbanization. More jobs in manufacturingandservice sectors have been created. About 27% of the GDP is macrocosm produced by the industrial sector . In the coming times, this huge urban population will definitely create a domestic market for goods and services and will provide with technically skilled and equipped manpower resulting in the definite rapid and certain growthofthe countrys economy.The other important effect of this urbanization on the economy of Pakistan rather than the increasein GDP is the growing manpower in the sectors of commerce and industry. Industries and private sectors have been a great increase factor in national income. They train their employees in their respective fields as well as in different relate subjects. They provide them with a broader vision of their respective fields where they can create their own ideas, bring new ones, mould the old ones in better forms, thus being more productive and creative.This all multi-training and multi-tasking ofemployeesresults in theprogress and prosperity of their respective industries and firms. And this ultimately brings a positive effect on the economy, as the productivity increases with technical expertise and so does the income. Urbanizationhas also paved the way for women empowerment as well as increase in women employment. Now women being more educat ed, confident and having vast visions are working together with menalmost in every field.The mutualwork environmenthas provided an opportunity of exchange of ideas practically wherenew methods, new techniques and new ideas are just found turning topics more productive and better. troth of women along with men has raised the number of people working to a very high extent, and this has ultimately resulted in the betterment of economy where not just one is earningfor a family of six, in fact their partner is willing to accompany him/her too. Urbanization results in the increase of industrialization and services sector.People they shift their capital from farm industry to big industries and private-enterprise(a) markets, where they get a chance to maximize their capital and to earn a healthy livelihood for themselves and their families also. By shifting to urban areas they can provide a better life style and a very bright to future to their families and children. Urbanization can br ing a change in their living standards, a change in their dressing, a change in their communication and a change in their behaviors. People who shift from rural areas are benefited from the facilities and opportunities available in the urban areas.The effect of urbanization on the economy is that people work in big offices, they have better quality education, they dresses up professionally for their offices, they uses best possible ways of communication and transportation. Urban life provides us with better quality living, better education facilities, better job opportunities, better infrastructure and better entertainment facilities apart from work. A lot of people claim that urbanization is the conventional outcome of economic growth, with the increase of skilled and trained craftsmen, merchants, and proprietors.Urban growth or urbanization brings an attraction for the people residing in rural areas. They get attracted by the luxuries, comforts and opportunities which people of ci ties are enjoying. Urbanization though has increased the chances of availablenessof a better quality of life to the people who are migrating from rural areas to urban areas like towns and cities. They get better health care and educational facilitiesas compared to their respective rural areas, yet they becomea reason of a high level burden on the countrys economy. The question is how? The high and fast wave of urbanization hasadded a lot more to urban slums.Yet people are still migrating from rural to urban areas and this has resultedin the increase of difficulty for themanagement of the urban areas. The adjustment of these huge migrated masses and providing the basic facilities oflife, in fact quality life to them does not turns out to be an well-fixed task for the management. These people being not highly educatedcannot go for the technical jobs, and what they do is either to get smallordinary jobs, sitting bushed(p) at their homesorthey earn by begging. All the pressure to feed these unemployed masses comes on the city, provincial or federal government. only when how can a government feed them all when there is only 1 or no one to work and so many to eat? In Pakistan, almost 3-5 million people migrate from rural areas to urbanareas each year and approx. 40% of the Pakistani population now resides in the urban areas of the country. This has brought a great burden on the already burdened economy of Pakistan. The aids that are said to be given to Pakistan are mostly used for the soldiery purposes, not in the economic growth sectors. Pakistani economy is really going through a crisis since last few years due to this war on terrorism.The immigrants from our neighboring country Afghanistan, arent residing in the rural areas of the country but in the urban ones. And the ones who lived in the rural ones have started migrating towards urban areas in order to secure their lives and children. This also is a burden on the economy, I mean a country whose economy cann ot feed its own people properly, cannot provide them with a better quality of life, healthcare facilities, proper education how can such a countryfeed the refugees as well? precisely being a brotherly neighbour, Pakistan is giving its fullest support i. e. economical and social help to these refugees.They can get jobs anywhere they want to, live anywhere they want to. But the people who arent working at all, still need to be looked after by the government and a worse fact is that the ratio of such people isnt very low, so the economy of Pakistan has been truly burdenized by this factor as well. This trend of urbanization has increased the number of beggars in the cities and towns. At some places there are special beggar mafias and begging has become a profession and a skilled art ofearning money quickly and easily. This thing is now being strictly seen by the government and strict measures have been taken now.This rapid urbanization has also paved the way for increasing abominatio n rate in theurban areas. When the people migrating from rural areas in spite of all their efforts arent able to find jobs or any means of earning, they despoil themselves in anti-state activities and different small and big crimes, because obviously they have to earn something to feed themselves and their families. In spite of all their efforts when they cant find any legal or right opportunity or way to earn, they get themselves involve in illegal means of earning. The high crime rates involving every crime i. e. mall crime like mobile snatching, money snatching to big crimes like that of target killing or pre planned murders are amongst the most ignominious effects of this urbanization. This high crime rate resultsin a frightened and disturbed society, where both, the quality as well as thequantity of work being done is affected. This disturbs the standards ofeconomy by disturbing the work potentials of manpower. The eventful population from urbanization has also played an imp ortant role in increased crime rates in urban areas. This study of consideration may also be due to the variation in the behaviors of the people living in towns.Following are the factors due to which the crime rates are increasing factors such as low income, availability of jobs, poverty etc. , and sometimes family conditions such as divorce, single parenthood, frustrated past due to any misfortune may also be associate to increased crime rates. This rapid and high level wave of urbanization has very adversely affected the healthcare sector as well. The shortage of medicines, vaccines, unavailability of doctors, bad hygienic conditions at the hospitals, is some of the main after effects of this strong and fastest wave of urbanization.Theavailability of health care facilitiesto all its inhabitants is one of the most important and foremost duty of a state. The private sector here though provides much better facilities, is more equipped and trained and is quick than thegovernment sec tor, yet it isnt in the reach of common man to get treated in the private sector because they charge too much for all thesehealthcare services but the pick of governmenthospitalsis open to every commoner, where he can get a better health care service and all other facilities as well. But more population has adversely affected that healthcare sector too.The mess and rush of the people in the government hospitals is also affecting the health care sector. Another major business in result of urbanization that is rapidly taking place in the economy of Pakistan is poverty. Poverty occurs when the basic food that is the necessity of living is out of the reach of the people. People starve, they beg, and they die because they cannot afford to have meal, three times a day that is merely due to the high inflation rates prevailing in Pakistan these days. Environment confronts and problems of Pakistan are linked first and foremost with an unfair social and economic expansion in the past few ye ars.This challenge is additionally compounded with quick urbanization due to a change of population from rural to urban areas. Consequently, all main cities of Pakistan face unexpected and accidental growth leading to boost in the pollution. This unnoticed growth has taken us to the point where there is a creation of slums areas in the region of citys edge. Ever since the metropolitan authorities and utility service supplier have confined boundaries in expanding their facilities, urban overcrowding, blocking and crush is the main reason of ever weakening air and water quality, along with this solid waste management.Under the current scenario, the managers are facing problems in providing competent water facilities, improved sanitation and sewerages systems, healthy and hygienic health care services and to ensure a hale and hearty environment. Environmental poverty is originally connected to poverty in Pakistan. Poverty is the chief obstacle in dealing with the surroundings and th eir related problems. The demand of the already diminishing natural resources is increasing in Pakistan. Since poor frankly rely on natural resources of the country for their living i. . agriculture, forestry, hunting, fisheries, etc. Poverty collective with a fast growing population and swiftly increasing urbanization is leading to create more and more pressure on the environment. As a result, there is a terrible need to work on poverty elimination. Considering this problem, Benazir Income Support Programme has organized by the current government, is anticipated to have an optimistic effect on poverty elimination. Urbanization is also causing a shortage of food and nutrition in Pakistani economy.Since a part of the population has decided to move to a particular area or a region of the city and it is becoming densely populated and the population size is increasing in a particular city so it is very natural that the food and nutrition needs cant be fulfilled and thus the economy of P akistan faces a shortage of food and then it goes for a call to the foreign countries to fulfill its needs of those food items which ran short of supply in the market. This again disturbs the balance of payments of Pakistan. Apart from this agriculture is considered to be the backbone of the Pakistani economy.And Pakistan earns maximum foreign exchange by exporting the wheat, sugarcane, cotton etc as compared to any other items. Ever since urbanization is seen to be rapidly increasing, it is considered to be a setback for the economy of Pakistan because agricultural land is totally being neglected and left barren. This again will push us pull ahead towards failure as an economy as well as a nation. The statistical analysis is presented in chapter 2. Recommendations and conclusions are listed in chapter 3. Urbanization is closely related to modernization, industrialization, and rationalization.Urbanization also has adverse effects on the growing density in specific affected areas, m ainly in large growing cities and often accompanied by number of other problems and after effects. Another major issue can also be disruption of agriculture uses. In addition to this, there would also be conflicting interests in terms of land use for rural and urban purposes. There would also be a negative impact on the agriculture of industry and also a loss of farm and forest land. Another prominent problem that arises from urbanization is the significant rise in respiratory problems in people living adjacent or very close to urban areas.Following are the factors due to which the respiratory problem occurs are vehicular and industrial emissions, the toxic smoke arising from the chimneys of the leather factories or tire manufacturing industries, mining and drilling tend to be responsible for greater level of toxins in the air. It has also been acknowledged that global warming is also a resulting problem from increased urbanization. There has also been seen adverse air quality in ho uses and buildings within urban areas due to air conditions outside the buildings and houses.Respiratory infections may also occur from excessive exposure to nitrogen oxides, which results in decreased lung function. The consequential population from urbanization has also played an important role in increased crime rates in urban areas. This study of consideration may also be due to the variation in the behaviors of the people living in towns. Following are the factors due to which the crime rates are increasing factors such as low income, availability of jobs, poverty etc. , and sometimes family conditions such as divorce, single parenthood, frustrated past due to any incident may also be related to increased crime rates.Some of the issues of urbanization that can be seen in any economy are Employment Sanitation Housing Sewerage Water Social welfare Role of government Political machines (controlling organizations) increased Crime rates Respiratory problem. Employment problem occurs when there are less job opportunities or may be due to Less capabilities amongst the people of the rural areas, this problem can be seen due to lack of technical education. People living in urban areas get technical education to achieve the highest rank of designations in the offices or their work places. change magnitude rates of urbanization can also cause an increase in the crime rates. Increased crime rates are due to frustration caused amongst the people when they are unemployed or any other personal/family problems like divorce and single parent upbringing. When the population increases in a particular region of the city many other problems are seen like housing, sanitation problems and transportation problems etc. , this causes frustration amongst the people thus increasing the crime rates. Sometimes government is also biased towards the immigrants. This also causes a gap amongst the people.

Observations on the Conditions of the Working Class During the Industrial Revolution

Observations on the Conditions of the functional Class During the industrial diversity The British Industrial Revolution of the late viiieenth and early nineteenth centuries brought about a a lot needed change in the stinting structure of the country. The old fashioned, agricultural found thriftiness that Britain had assumed for centuries had become obsolete, and in the spirit of mercantilism and neighborly competition with the French, the English made the drastic change to a manufacturing based economy (Owen, p. 50). This transformation everyowed for the emergence of large, manufacturing based cities, an abundance of English manufactured goods, and made Britain, overall, a very wealthy nation. These byproducts of the Industrial Revolution allowed Britain to make great economic strides, but those that put in the hours at the factories that made such a revolution possible gained almost nothing for their treacherous die. The workings class of the Industrial Revolution lived har d, laborious lives.The majority of their time was spent in the factories, which were very often unsanitary, overcrowded, and hazardous, and when they were able to leave the factory and spend time at home, they were met with as horrid conditions. Although these people and their work were undoubtedly one of the largest factors towards the successfulness of the Industrial Revolution, they themselves suffered greatly, and reaped nearly no benefits for their work. The overall quality of their lives was incredibly poor. Every arena of their lives, from working conditions and home emotional state, to nutrition and cleanliness, was effected by overwhelming poverty.The urban environment that was thought to be a way out of poverty became a machine in which poverty was able to flourish. The life of a working class family during the Industrial Revolution was very much dictated by the factory in which they worked. Employees would spend nearly all day in these horrid environments most would st art their day around five oclock in the morning, and with the exclusion of two short breaks for meals, would remain in the factory until eight oclock at night or later (Kay, p. 155). The factories were dingy, brightly lit buildings that housed outlying(prenominal) too many people at a time.They were consumed with dust and filaments of cotton, and contaminated the surrounding areas with smoke. They were were filled with heat and filth, and contained large, dangerous machines that were often operated by children (Aikin, p. 148). S nevertheless and eight year old children were often sent by their parents to work in the factories, and while there they were treated as adults. Robert Owen say that the manner in which the four-year-old employees were dealt with was responsible for an uneducated and wound uply unstable generation of children. He referred to the children as weak in bodily and mental faculties. (Owen, p. 50-1).The young employees were indeed as awfully unfortunate as O wen described, but upon realizing the conditions they were working in, one can easily see why. The machines in which the children operated were massive and intimidating apparatuses. Cotton mills used spin around machines that were able to hold thousands of spindles at a time, and moved rapidly and forcefully (Aikin, p. 148). Adolescent employees were required to work unreasonably long hours with these machines, for few cared how truly ill-suited the work was for children. The home life of working class families was equally as horrible as their occupations.James Kay wrote in his essay on The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes in Manchester that these families lived in ill-furnished, uncleanly, often ill-ventilated, perhaps damp homes that were consumed in absolute filth. (Kay, p. 156). These dwellings were lumped together in communities, only perpetuating uncleanliness and disease, and were representative of the mindsets and attitudes of the people active in them. Kay noted that entire families would often sleep in a single bed and use a heap of filthy straw and covering of old venting as bedding. He observed that the houses of the poor . . are too generally built back to back, having therefore only one outlet, no yard, no privy, and no receptacle for refuse. (Kay, p. 156-7). Essentially, what Kay observed about the working class of Manchester was the overwhelming level of poverty that consumed it. The people that lived in these types of dwellings were incredibly poor, and had no way of relieving themselves from the crushing poverty all around them.The lives of the working class peoples were reduced to that of animals they were practically owned by their employers, who never gave them the freedom to better their lives. These people were not nherently ignorant or sub-human, their financial backing conditions were direct products of cruel treatment and outright disregard for them as human beings. Through processes such as workplace advancem ent, education, or even cleaner support arrangements, the working class would have had a much more plentiful and human-like existence, but they were never given the opportunity to do so. This phenomenon of belittlement was not restricted to the living arrangements it perpetuated into every area of peoples lives. The typical diet consisted of one true meal a day, which was neither healthy nor substantial.Breakfast usually consisted of a uncomplicated cup of tea that was most always of a bad, and sometimes of a deleterious quality (Kay, p. 155). Dinner was the only meal of any true substance, and even it only consisted of boiled potatoes and bacon with melted lard and butter (Kay, p. 155). People with this type of diet were understandably malnourished, and with the combination of poor living and working conditions, they very rarely were in good health. Children often felt the brute force of such an extreme poverty more so than adults, and were ill-fed, dirty, ill-clothed, exposed t o cold and neglect. So much so in fact, that over fifty percent of children living in these conditions died before the age of five (Kay, p. 157).Crushing poverty often affects people on an emotional level, and this was very much the case during the Industrial Revolution. Frederick Engels compared the mindset of the workers to slaves, by asserting that the only difference between the two is that the old-fashioned slave was openly know as a slave, while the urban factory worker was disguised as a free man (Engels, p. 63). Monotonous labor and a life similar to that of a slave drained the emotions of the working class. Urban life created stone cold and despair ridden replicas of once proud men, loving wives, and innocent children. manufacturing plant workers participated in habits generally destructive to their own comforts, and of the well-being of those around them out of pure necessity, but perhaps without full knowledge of the consequences (Owen, p. 151).Kay compares the toil of t he people to major power Sisyphus, suggesting that the difficult labor that the factory workers frequently performed was save as in vain as Sisyphus endless struggle with his boulder (Kay, p. 155). The tasks required of the poor seemed just as endless to them as it did for Sisyphus, for neither could see an end in sight. The areas in which these people lived became places of crime, caused by the emotional distress of poverty, and were inhabited by a turbulent population (Kay, p. 157).The people became slothful and benevolent, hateful towards outsiders and immigrants from Ireland, and allowed the unpleasantness around them consume them (Kay, p. 154,7). The working class of the Industrial Revolution lived in absolutely horrid conditions. They lived in poverty and filth, they spent their superfluous gains on debauchery, and were treated by the upper classes as if they were animals (Kay, p. 155). They lived short lives filled with work, disease and sorrow, with no way out draw for de ath.

International Business Report Essay

IntroductionIt has always been a major tinge of programmers and softw are developers throughout the world, to protect the mental situation rights and parcel privacy.Governments in divergent countries fight computer software product plagiarism in which it provides support to national programs in order to educate and provide awareness to business communities.Governments especially in wealthy countries, has taken serious actions tie in to software plagiarization through laws that prohibits it, they force penalties to those who commit software piracy.Software piracy has reached a further approach, since it intromits piracy of movies, music, computer software, and CD recording.Governments, institutions, companies, and organizations all stated a clear point of view about software piracy and protection of happy plaza which in fact stands up fiercely to minimize it and reduce its effect on the society, as well as protecting the creative ideas and innovative expertise that provides a competitive advantage to the society in general.On the other hand, communities with undividedistic, collectivistic, democratic approaches, and other parties with other approaches each stated its point of view understandably tally to its own interests, concerns, and objectives since, some of these parties fight software piracy and supports protecting intellectual plaza, and mainly those parties are the ones concerned with about the benefit of the society. On the other hand, in that respect are some parties stated that they oppose protecting intellectual property, for the reason that their objectives and interests are their major concern instead of the whole society.Q.1Collectivism and laissez faire, democracy and totalitarianism, conventionalism of law and rule of man what do these concepts say about the intellectual property rights of software and the legitimacy of its protection?To begin with, the terms collectivism and individualism arises from the major term which is po litical corpse. A political system is a set of political organizations, interest groups, and institutions, that integrates different groups into a functioning, self sustaining, and self establishment society. The purpose of the political system is to protect peoples interests and objectives. Political systems differ from one country to another.The term political can be discussed in terms of collectivism and individualism.At first, the term collectivism encourages dependence on the organization and a preference for thorough training, satisfactory work place conditions, and pricey benefits. Collectivism is motivated by satisfying social needs and security. Its primal concern is to benefit the society in general, rather than the benefit of each individual. Since its concern is protecting the society, it stands fiercely for supporting intellectual property right and fights software piracy to protect the society.On the other hand, individualism refers to the primacy of the rights and role of individual it emphasizes individual freedom, self expression, and personal independence the principle that all men have certain unalienable rights that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Countries that follow individualistic political system develop a form of government that protects every individuals property and any intellectual property they create especially automated property due to the ease of piracy. As cultural attitudes influence the protection of intellectual property rights, individualist societies are more vigilant than collectivist societies.Whereas, democracy and totalitarianism. state is a political system that grants voters the power to adjust laws and regulations of the government to make decisions. Moreover, provides them the right to participate in elections. In general, democracy is concerned with individual property rights, especially the freedom to express their opinions. As well as protecting peoples innovations from softwar e piracy. According to what is claimed, that democratic countries with strong political and well-behaved liberties usually have lower software piracy rates.As for totalitarianism, subordinates individuals to the interest of the group. Where a single agent takes control of the political power, and tries towards not supporting the political orientation of the state as well as the activities that counters the goals of the state. Therefore, it controls peoples ideas, knowledge, and experiences and directs those to its own good and interest. Therefore, the intellectual property right is not its major concern as well as standing against software piracy. Since their objectives and concerns are related to the objectives and concerns of the agent with the political power.As for the rule of law, states that no individual is above laws which are clearly specified, commonly understood, and executed fairly, which are improved and regulated by the parliament. Due to that countries that follow rule of law, especially ones that create intellectual innovations, automatically protect these properties from the atomic number 42 of creation.Whereas, rule of man states that the ultimate power exists in one person. Rule of man is opposed to the rule of law less aggressively protect intellectual property rights. Since its major interests and concerns is limited to only what the man of power is concerned of.Individualists societies are more cautious towards the protection of intellectual property when compared with collectivist societies.Q.2What is the relationship among governments, institutions, organizations, and companies in developing the legal means to fight software piracy?To begin with, a software piracy is the illegal imitation of software. Software piracy is not a trend or a topic that appeared recently. Software piracy was the past and the present dilemma and will be the futures too if it is not stopped. Types of piracy include end-user piracy, pre-installed software, Internet piracy, counterfeiting, and online auction piracy.As the software piracy problem grows, more people are affected by piracy daily. Software companies, governments, organizations, retailers, and honest consumers all pay the price for software piracy.Parties such as, organizations and companies hopes that legal actions and political arrangements held by governments and institutions and other related parties would lead to a decrease in software piracy.Governments are taking an increasingly stronger stand against piracy. They get nations to sign agreements and to require them to force intellectual property rights. Since software piracy affects governments financially. It robs the economy of jobs and in turn diminishes income tax revenues. The market fails and loses its attractiveness among international businesses as it affects the private individuals and investors.Accordingly to the case study, governments fight piracy they relied on technical and business actions as a countera ttack. Such as, U.S.A enhanced efforts, threatening to sanction countries.Institutions supported governments to toughen their laws. Since these laws can minimize software piracy and decrease its effect on institutions.As for software companies, that are considered the biggest stakeholders in the piracy issue. They depend on software sales to fund their company operations and their future developments. Unfortunately, software piracy is now taking a large amount of the income these companies depend on away from them. As the number of Internet users continues to grow, software piracy will become an increasing problem and businesses will lose even larger amounts of revenue.As their profits decrease, software companies will no agelong be motivated to fund development of new products which will reduce innovation, Consequently, software companies want stronger penalties enforced on all people who illegally copy software a new and emerging trend being offered on the market is leasing the s oftware. Retailers have taken a stand against software piracy too. piracy affects all software retailers by forcing them to compete against cheaper pirated software. This competition lowers their profit. As the cost of the software increases, people turn to less expensive illegal substitutes. As for organizations, they provided orbicular services in public policy, business development, corporate education, and the protection of intellectual property right.Intellectual property refers to the creative ideas, innovative expertise that give an individual, company, or country a competitive advantage.Whereas, intellectual property right is the right to control and derive the benefits from copyright, patents, trade secrets, and trademarks. It is the right to protect those creative ideas. Problems occur because intellectual property is hard to conceive but easy to copy.There are number of agencies that were created to protect intellectual property right such as WIPO (World transnational Property Organization) it is one of the sixteen specialized agencies to encourage creative activity as well as to promote the protection of the intellectual property right. TRIPS (Trade associate International Property Rights) it is an international agreement managed by the WTO (World Trade Organization). It has minimum standards and requirements for many intellectual property forms.Generally wealthier countries provide stronger as well as stricter protection of intellectual property from piracy.Notably such countries consider these properties more widely than poorer ones.ConclusionCommunities whether they are collectivist, individualist, democratic or totalitarian, applying rule of man or rule of law, governments, institutions, organizations, and companies. All of these parties stated clearly as discussed previously, that they are prohibiting software piracy since they are cooperating with each other in minimizing this dilemma or at least to minimizing its effects on organizations . Through forcing laws or through organizations that encourages innovative ideas yet protecting intellectual property rights by forbidding piracy. Such organizations include WIPO (World International Property Organization), TRIPS (Trade Related International Property Rights), and other related organizations.Softwares intellectual property rights can be protected when by-line these steps1. Writing the name of the author, or the creator on all of the copies that are distributed to the public.2. Determine the time in which the product was released and distributed to public.3. Modify the product every now and then.4. Protect the product against any crises that might put the authors reputation at risk.5. Have a specific location for software programs.6. Save master copies of software.7. Provide software to only licensed users, and only allow authorized users to install software.8. Apply security procedures on software employ by authorized users only, which can minimize software piracy. In conclusion, the standards of software piracy are explicit. Hence, parties have been hopeful that collective political arrangements and legal actions by companies, associations, governments, and institutions would lead to a decline in global software piracy. Government intervention and collaboration in offering legal protection for intellectual property, and the criminalization of software piracy are unsuccessful in diminishing the dilemma. Even efforts at the international level to get nations to sign treaties and to require them to protect and enforce intellectual property rights according to global, not local, standards have not yielded the desired results. Unfortunately, the ease with which software can be duplicated, sold, and distributed continues to baffle the industry.

Ocean carrier Essay

The purpose of this report is to evaluate whether Ocean Carriers Inc. should immediately commission a in the raw capesize carrier that would cost $39 million, and would be completed two age hence, in order to finalize a lease of the ship for a three-year distributor point with a potential charterer in very good faith. The contrasting tax regulations between the two countries where the company locates its office, and the different cost-benefit circumstances under different aloofness of time in service be considered in the analysis. Taking all available information into consideration, we highly recommend that the company should grease ones palms the new capesize carrier, work it registered under the Hong Kong office, and put it on a scheme for a 25-year service. Industry ProspectsCapesize carriers are mainly used to carry iron ore and coal worldwide. The daily mesh grazes are therefore determined by the total exports of iron ore and coal, the distance between the exporting cou ntries and the destinations, and the fleet size of capesizes in service. According to the foodstuff trends, in the next few years, Australian production in iron ore is expected to be strong and Indian iron ore exports are expected to draw back off. However, imports of iron ore and coal are expected to be stagnant in next two years.Therefore, total exports of iron ore and coal go out be categorical in the coming two years, and will rise remarkably in the following few years. Besides, as East Asia countries absorb the largest portion of the iron ore imports, the connective of India to the iron ore exporting wont significantly increase travel distance because Australia is almost the same distance away by water.Moreover, in 2001 and 2002, 63 and 33 new capesize vessels would be delivered adding up to about 17% of total capesizes currently in service. Consequently, in the first two years, the supply of capesizes would be greater than the demand, the daily hire rates are expected to decrease. But in the mid-to-long run, the daily hire rates are expected to increase continuously. Revenues and Costs Intuitions beforehand going into the numbers, we want to discuss some intuitions of this project that support the decision of purchasing the capesize. First, the increasing mid-to-long run daily hire rates will take into account basis for promising future cash flows. Secondly, although the daily hire rate for the first two years are expected to be low, the charterer had already offered a rate higher than expected to compensate the company. Thirdly, a great portion of the expenditures come from the preparation for special surveys which should be renewed every five years if the ship needs to stay in the business. The high escalation of costs between the second and third surveys, and the fourth and fifth surveys, indicates that maximum net present repute of the project would be achieved when the carrier serves for either 15 years or 25 years. Free Cash FlowsIn this pa rt, we will discuss the detailed numbers. well-nigh assumptions are made based on the economic outlook and company characteristics when calculating free cash flows. We assume that inflation rate is 3% per annual, and that exercise cost would increase 1% above inflation rate per annual. We assume that discount rate is 9%, and will discuss the impact of a rate change later. Provided that the scrape value is estimated to be $5 million at the end of the fifteenth year, we estimate that the value would decrease to $4 million overdue to more wear in the steel. Please refer to Exhibits 1 to 4 for the calculations of estimated free cash flows and NPVs.We can see that if the company chooses to purchase the capesize, have it registered in Hong Kong instead of USA, and runs it for 25 years, the NPV will be the highest compared to other alternatives. Besides, the Hong Kong option (have the vessel registered in Hong Kong) dominates the USA option (have the vessel registered in USA) because no tax is essential in Hong Kong in these operations. Also, the 25-year option dominates the 15-year option because, even if the scrap value is reduced to zero after 25 years, the NPVs for options that keep the capesize for 25 years are still higher than for 15 years. Sensitivity AnalysisIn the above calculations for the NPVs, we assume discount rate to be 9%. If the discount rate is higher, the NPVs for the projects will be reduced because the benefits from recording depreciation and tax deferring willincrease. For example, we found that the USA-25-year option will produce a positive NPV if the discount rate is lower to 6.67%. However, even if the discount rate is as low as 0.1%, the HK option still dominates the US option, and the 25-year option still dominates the 15-year option. ConclusionTo sum up, if Ocean Carriers Inc. purchase a $39 million capesize carrier immediately, register it in Hong Kong, sign the three-year contract with the charterer, and keep the vessel in business for 25 years, based on estimations, it would acquire the largest possible NPV of $3.89 million on the project.

Delhi Police Achievement

DATED 09/01/2013 PRESS RELEASE CENTRAL DISTRICT GANG OF INTERSTATE CHEATS INVOLVED IN INTERNET BANKING spoof BUSTED FOUR ARRESTED With the take into custody of (1) Ajay Kumar Mishra, dated ab come forth 45 years s/o Parmeshwar Mishra r/o WZ-823, blood brotheram, colony, Delhi, permanent address Add- VPO& PS- Jainagar, Madhubani (Bihar), (2) Binay Kumar, aged about 35 years s/o Harish Chand r/o A-166, Devali road, Khanpur, Delhi, permanent address VPO- Kaitpwar, PS Sakatpur, Darbhanga (Bihar), (3) Ravi Shankar Pandey, aged about 45 years r/o A-63, near pilea Public School, New Gopal Nagar Extn.Najafgarh, Delhi and (4) Jitender Kumar, aged about 40 years s/o S. R. Suman r/o 38/11, A Block, Amrit Vihar, Burari, Delhi, rally govern has busted a cheating racket which had cheated several businessmen by cracking the passwords of their bank figures and subsequently transferring huge amounts through internet transactions and RTGS transfer in various Accounts and by subsequently withdrawing the amount from these accounts located in dissimilar parts of the country. INCIDENT On 03-01-13, hotshot Sh.Ravi Gupta, owner of a Metal Firm having his office in the ara of P. S. Pahar Ganj gave a complaint that Rs. fifteen lakhs have been transferred from his Account illegally through Electronic Transferring System. On this, a case vide true fir zero(prenominal) 02/13 u/s 420 IPC was registered at P. S. Pahar Ganj and the investigation was taken up. TEAM A team comprising of Inspr. Suresh Kaushik, SHO/Pahar Ganj, SI Vinay Kumar, SI Dharmender Kumar, HC Satpal and Ct. Chand Ram was constituted beneath the supervision of Sh.Anil Kapoor, ACP/Pahar Ganj /Central Districts to apprehend the culprits. INVESTIGATION During the course of investigation, it was revealed that the m hotshoty had been transferred from the account of the plaintiff to different Accounts of Delhi, Lucknow and Agra. It was further revealed that Rs. s in time lakhs had already been pull away from ICICI Bank Green Park Branch where a total of Rs. ten lakhs were transferred. Sources were deployed to apprehend the accuse persons as it was suspected that they would approach the bank to withdraw the remain amount.On 04-01-2013, on the basis of secret information, incriminate Jitender Kumar and Binay Kumar Mishra were apprehended by the police team from ICICI Bank Green Park Branch, Delhi when they were trying to withdraw the remaining amount cheated from the account of accused Jitender Kumar. During the interrogation, it was revealed that the accused are the members of an interstate confederacy, who were operating in Delhi. The accused persons used to take instructions from their accomplices namely Ajay Mishra and Ravi Shanker Pandey.It was further revealed that accused Jitender Kumar and Binay Kumar Mishra were charge the task to arrange for operational Accounts of different persons in different Banks all over India from where money could be transferred and the same could be withdrawn immediately even before the victim came to know about the illegal transaction from his Account. At the instance of accused Jitender Kumar and Binay Kumar Mishra, accused Ajay Kumar and Ravi Shanker Pandey were apprehended by the police team from Dwarka and Najafgarh respectively. Ajay Kumar and Ravi Shanker Pandey are the operational members of the gang.At the instance of accused Jitender Kumar and Binay Kumar Mishra, Rs. 30,000/- cash has been get and the Bank Account where cheated money more than Rs. four lakhs had been deposited has been frozen. Further investigation / interrogation is in progress. MODUS OPERANDI The members of the gang have thorough knowledge and understanding of Internet Banking. They used to hack the computers of different companies having their current Accounts in Multi National Banks. Once they used to get the drug user name and password of Account through hacking, they used to track the major transaction of the victim.As soon as the accused per sons used to have a unattackable amount in that Account, they used to approach the service provider of the Mobile Company of the victim to get a duplicate SIM so that the victim may non get the ALERTS from the Banks of those particular transactions. The members of the gang then used the user name and password of the Account to get the money transferred to a particular Account and thereafter other members of the gang used to start working and withdrew the money through cheque, through ATM or would transfer the money in different Account in different parts of the country.The accused persons used to siphon off money only from the Accounts in Multi National Banks as the transfer and sezession was comparatively fast in these Banks. RECOVERIES Rs. 30,000/- Cash and Rs. Four lakhs has been frozen in the Bank Accounts. Mobile phones used in the operation. visibility 1. Ajay Kumar Mishra s/o Parmeshwar Mishra r/o WZ-823, Palam, Village, Delhi, Prem Add- VPO& PS- Jainagar, Madhubani, Bi har is 45 years old and has studied up to B. Sc. (Pass) from LLMU, Darbhanga, Bihar.He came to Delhi in the year 1993 and joined a private company as an control but claimed himself to be a CA. At present, he runs an office at Sector 6, Dwarka, Delhi providing Accounts Services and import / export consultancy. 2. Binay Kumar s/o Harish Chand r/o A-166, Devali road, Khanpur, Delhi, permanent address VPO- Kaitpwar, PS Sakatpur, Darbhanga (Bihar) is 35 years old and has studied up to B. A. and had worked as Account Assistant in different private companies. At present, he runs a Security Agency and HR Consultancy from his residence. 3.Ravi Shankar Pandey r/o A-63, near Rama Public School, New Gopal Nagar Extn. Najafgarh, Delhi is 45 years old and has studied up to straighten out 10th. He is in the business of printing. 4. Jitender Kumar s/o S. R. Suman r/o 38/11, A Block, Amrit Vihar, Burari, Delhi is 40 years and has studied up to B. A. He works as Accounts Assistant in various compani es. (DEVESH CHANDRA SRIVASTVA), IPS ADDL. COMMISSIONER OF POLICE, CENTRAL DISTRICT, DELHI. picPRESS RELEASE pic picpic S appearH WEST DISTT. Dated 09/01/2013 BLIND GRUESOME MURDER CASE WORKED OUT IN NO TIME. TWO ARRESTED. MOBILE PHONE OF DECEASED, WEAPON OF OFFENCE I. E KNIFE & MOTORCYCLE USED IN COMMISSION OF CRIME get Highlights- Gruesome blind murder case of a Delhi Jal Board driver solved. Deceased developed obsession towards accuseds unripe daughter, which led to his murder. cardinal persons arrested Weapon of offence i. e. knife recovered. Mobile phone, shoes of the deceased and three broken sim cards have been recovered. Motorcycle used in commission of aversion has also been recovered. With the arrest of two accused persons viz (1) Lady and (2)Rakesh (aged-24yrs) s/o Nathhu Lal r/o Village Khajuri, Delhi, PS Bindapur, South-West District Police has worked out a case of brutal murder, which occurred on the evening of 06/01/2013 in the area of Mohan Garden, Uttam Nagar. Weapon of offence i. e. knife, supple phone and shoes of the deceased, and motorcycle used in commission of crime have been recovered. GIST OF CASE On 06/01/13 a PCR call was received vide DD no. 60B at 10. 34 PM at PS Bindapur regarding an unclaimed suitcase lying in D- Block, Phase-I, J J Colony, Dwarka Sec- 3. I. O.SI Ashok Kumar along with cater r severallyed at the spot where foul smell was emanating from the Suitcase which was cloaked in a quilt. Finding the matter suspicious SHO/Bindapur and crime team were called at the spot and opened the suitcase in which a male idle body aged about 30-35 years was found bundled. On inspection throat was found slit with a sharp edge weapon and a polythene was found tied around the neck. The corpse was shown to the number of passerby and neighbourers but despite best efforts the identity element of the dead body couldnt be established. Bereft of any alternative a case of murder vide FIR no 0/13 u/s 302/201 IPC PS Bindapur was registered on DD No. 60B and investigation was taken up in right earnest. BREAKTHROUGH At the outset, to establish the identity of the deceased was the challenge before the police. Message in the mise en scene of details and descriptions of unknown dead body was flashed. Crack teams were formed and were dispatched to the adjacent Police Stations. During this exercise, a team led by SI Ashok came to know that a person is missing from the area of Mohan Garden, Uttam Nagar. The information was further developed and photograph of the deceased was shown to the family members i. . elder brother of deceased. Finally the hard work bore fruits and the identity of the deceased was established as Inder s/o Rajvir Singh r/o L- 2/C- 49, Mohan Garden, Uttam Nagar. After establishing the identity of the deceased, Police launched a massive manhunt to trace the culprits. local enquiries were made by the Police to extract clues about the last seen of the deceased. Se nsing the gravity of the case a special team comprising Inspr. Rajvir Singh Lamba SHO/Bindapur, Inspr. Subhash Chand Inspr. /Investigation Bindapur, SI Ashok Kumar, H. Ct. Rohtash, Ct. Dinesh under the supervision of Sh.M. S Dabas, ACP/Dabri was constituted. The team had a detailed investigation plan and started to pursue the available leads. The team did survey the areas adjoining the scence of crime at about the same time the following night to simulate and recreate the incident. During this exercise, the police team managed to unearth some vital clues. It was transpired that the deceased had illicit relation with one lady. The team got retrieved and analysed the CDR of the deceased and suspect lady. The analyses depicted that the deceased and lady had frequents talks on the mobile.Accordingly, the lady was interrogated by two different teams at length, who was resiling from her version each time, who also deposed that she had cordial relation with the deceased and is no more conc erned with the death of Inder, however the same version was contradicted by the various circumstances gathered by the police. It turned out that deceased had frequent visits in her domicile, which resulted in developing relations with her. Of late, the deceased also started having an evil eye on her young daughter, which was the bone of contention. The deceased was warned by the lady and even a quarrel ensued between the duo.Police did lot of ground work in this context. As the probe increase and the matter was minutely and deeply focused, prima-facie it appeared that the lady ( mavin of deceased) is dodging Police and was actively involved in the murder of Inder. Reversing back step by step it transpired that on the evening of 06/01/13, Inder was in the house of the lady. Above circumstantial evidences pointed the needle of suspicion towards her and her two associates. Her contradictory statements were exposed and finally she broke down. She confessed to have murdered her friend and packed his body in a suitcase which was dumped in he area of J J Colony, Phase- I, Dwarka, Sec-3. INTERROGATION & CONFESSION Accused lady was subjected to keep up interrogation, who revealed that Inder(deceased) was her friend. He had frequent visits in her house. Of late, he became obsessed with her daughter for which Inder was warned but he did not mend his way. All means/sources were exhausted by her to conserve the dignity of her daughter but the deceased did not mend his ways, thus she decided to eliminate him. She took the help of her brother Rakesh Kumar and his associate (friend of Rakesh). As per plan, Inder was called at her house.Tea was offered, which was twist with sleeping pills. When Inder became stupor, she brought knife from kitchen and gave to Rakesh. She caught hold of hands of Inder andhis associate sat on the legs of Inder. Rakesh slit the throat with the knife. After confirming the death of Inder, they bundled the body and wrapped it in a gunny bag, Ther eafter it was stuffed in a suitcase. The suitcase was further wrapped in a quilt and same was dumped in the area of J J Colony, Phase- I, Dwarka Sec- 3. Accused lady was produced before the concerned court and her one day PC remand was taken.On her pointing out, accused namely Rakesh has been apprehended. Material evidences i. e. shoes of deceased, mobile phone of deceased and three broken sim cards of deceased, motorcycle used in commission of crime, weapon of offence i. e. knife have also been recovered at the instance of duo. NAME AND PROFILE OF incriminate PERSONS ACCUSED NO. 1 lady Accused is an illiterate and a house wife. She has three children. Her preserve is a causal painter. Deceased helped the accused financially on several occasions. Deceased got the advantage of the same and developed physical relation with the accused.To this extend accused tolerated everything but could not digest the matter when deceased showed interest towards her young daughter. First she warne d the deceased when he did not mend his way. He was murdered as per plan. Further startling facts emerged that accused arranged the weapon of offence i. e. Knife, called the deceased at her resident, offered tea by adding intoxicants ACCUSED NO. 2 Name -Rakesh set abouts Name Nathhu Lal Address Village- Khajuri , Bhajanpura, Delhi. Age -24yrsEducation -illiterate Present job -Private job Family status -poor Accused is an illiterate. He is unmarried and originally hails from Rajasthan and has rental accommodation in Village Khajuri. RECOVERY -Weapons of offence i. e. knife. -Mobile phone of deceased and three broken sim cards. -Shoes of deceased. -Motorcycle used in commission of crime. Further investigation is in progress and staff involved in this good work is be suitably rewarded. (ANIL KUMAR OJHA) IPS ADDL. COMMISSIONER OF POLICE SOUTH-WEST DISTT. NEW DELHI Dated 09. 01. 13 MAID SERVANT WITH PARAMOUR ARRESTED STOLEN gold RS. 4 LAKHS RECOVERED The staff of Police Station Janak Puri has nabbed a maid servant namely Nomee D/o Late Oklu Tete R/o Village Mokhra, Post Office Ponikele, PS Gumla Distt. Gumla Jharkhand with her boy friend namely Santosh Kumar Sahu S/o Sh. Harihar Prashad Sahu R/o Village Katia, Post Office Jeetu Toli, PS Bano, Distt. Seendega Jharkhand. With the arrest of this maid and her boy friend, a case of servant theft registered vide FIR No. 06/13, U/s 381/34 IPC PS Janak Puri has been worked out and stolen amount Rs.Four Lacs has been recovered. PROFILES OF THE ACCUSED 1. Nomee D/o Late Oklu Tete was born in Village Mokhra, Post Office Ponikele, PS Gumla Distt. Gumla Jharkhand, age 20 years. She studied up to 5th class and due to poverty, she could not continue her study and came to Ghaziabad UP and worked there as a Maid around 1 ? years and thereafter worked as a Maid Surya Nagar and Gurgoan. Now for the last three weeks she was working at C-3/239 Janak Puri. 2. Santosh Kumar Sahu S/o Sh. Harihar Prashad Sahu was born in Village Katia, Post Office Jeetu Toli, PS Bano, Distt.Seendega Jharkhand age 26 years. He could not persue his further studies so came to Delhi. He worked in a placement agency at Tilak Nagar and also worked as a bushel servant in the area of Nariana and Tilak Nagar. Now he is working in the SLG Placement Agency Berri Wala Bagh Hari Nagar Delhi. RECOVERY Stolen Rs 4 Lacs recovered. INCIDENT On 07. 01. 13 complainant Dr. Ajay Gupta R/O C-3/239 Janak Puri made a PCR Call that his maid servant is missing and on 08. 01. 13 he has reported that amount of Rs. four Lacs has been stolen from his house and it might be stolen by his absconding maid.Dr. Ajay Gupta had not got the servant verification done from Police. TEAM On the direction of ACP/Vikas Puri Sh. Prakash Chander Mann and under the leadership of Insp. H. S. P. Singh, SHO/ Janakpuri, a team comprising of SI Karambir Singh, HC Bijender, Ct. Harjinder Singh, Ct Yoginder, and W/Ct Rakhi was constituted. Information was developed and it was found from the SLG Placement Agency situated at Beri Wala Bagh Hari Nagar, through whom the maid was employed that she had intimacy with one Santosh Kumar Sahu working in the SLG Placement agency.Raid was conducted at the residence of Santosh Kumar Sahu S/o Harhar Prashad at RZ-209, Gali No. 10, West Sagarpur Delhi and both were apprehended. INTERROGATION During sustained interrogation they admitted their guilt. Sahu could not proceed further studies so came in Delhi. He worked in a placement agency at Tilak Nagar and also worked as a cook in Nariana and Tilak Nagar. Now he is working with the SLG Placement Agency Berri Wala Bagh Hari Nagar Delhi where he came in contact of Nomee. Gradually he became friend of Nomee and both fell in enjoy and wanted to get married.To accomplish their goals, they made a plan to steal the huge amount of money so that they can get married and find out down. Staff involved in good work is being rewarded suitably. (V. Renganathan) IPS Addl. Commissione r of Police, West District, New Delhi. pic NORTH- WEST DISTT. DATED 9, JAN. 2013 PRESS RELEASE AUTO-LIFTER ARRESTED With the arrest of one auto-lifter namely Ravi Kala on 8. 1. 13, the Anti Auto Theft Squad of North-West District has recovered one stolen fomite. (1) Ravi Kala s/o Dilbagh Singh R/o H. No. 436/31 Gali No. 2 New Court Road Ashok Vihar Sonipat Haryana.Age-28 yrs. INCIDENT On 8. 1. 13, a secret information was received in AATS/North West District that one person would come on a stolen Scorpio near M2K Mall (NSP) Subhash Place to dispose off the same. On this information, a team of A. A. T. S. comprising of the officials mention infra laid a trap near M2K Mall(NSP) Subhash Place and apprehended one youth with one Scorpio bearing No. DL-3CAA 4511 Silver Colour. Later on, the youth was place as Ravi Kala s/o Dilbagh Singh R/o H. No. 436/31 Gali No. 2, New Court Road, Ashok Vihar, Sonipat, Haryana (aged 28 years).He was asked to produce the papers of the said vehicle w hich he could not produce. The engine and chassis numbers of the said vehicle were verified from AUTO MATCH and ZIP NET, and it was found that the said vehicle is stolen vide FIR No. 293/12 dated 17. 11. 12 u/s 379 IPC PS Nangloi, Delhi. Subsequently he was arrested vide DD No. 45-A dated 8. 1. 2013 u/s 41. 1(d)/102 Cr. P. C PS Subhash Place, Delhi INTERROGATION On sustained interrogation, accused emailprotected Kala revealed that he used to steal vehicles from different parts of Delhi with his associates Sikander and Amir both resident of Distt.Mujaffarnagar, UP. On further interrogation, the accused emailprotected Kala disclosed that he has also stolen one Tata Safari with his associates Sikander and Amir from Anand Vihar Delhi which was left abandoned in Sonipat, Haryana when police picket tried to stop them . TEAM A special team was constituted under the close supervision of ACP/Operations North-West Distt . Sh . Aas Mohd. with the following officers. 1. Insp. Satya Pal No. D-I/ 599 I/C AATS. 2. SI Sukram Pal No. D-1498 3. HC Naresh Kumar No. 642/NW 4. HC Surender Kumar No. 581/NW 5. HC Pawan Kr. No. 23/NW 6. HC Krishan Pal No. 1361/NW 7. Ct Jagdish No. 879/NW 8. Ct. Shohan lal Tyagi, No. 1898/NW 9. Ct Mahesh Kumar No. 512/NW 10. Ct. Raman Kumar No. 2058/NW 11. Ct. Vikash Kr. No. 1333/NW RECOVERY One stolen Scorpio No. DL 3CAA 4511 CASES WORKED OUT (1) FIR No. 293/12 dated 17. 11. 12 u/s 379 IPC PS Nangloi, Delhi (2) FIR No. 331/12 dated 21. 11. 12 u/s 379 IPC PS Anand Vihar, Delhi PROFILE OF ACCUSED PERSONS Accused Ravi Kala has studied upto 10th class from Haryana and belongs to a lower middle class family.His father is a farmer. He has one previous fell record. Accused Ravi Kala came in contact of Sikander and Amir(both resident of Uttar Pradesh) and started stealing the vehicles for quick money. The concerned Police Stations have been informed about his involvements/arrest. Sincere efforts are being made to arrest his associates. (M. A RIZVI) D Y. COMMISSIONER OF POLICE, NORTH-WEST DISTT. ,DELHI. Dated 09. 01. 013 South-East District police in association with Justice Sunanda Bhandare Foundation is organizing a Gender sensitization programme for police officers of the district on 10. 01. 2013 at Conference Hall, South-East District, PS Sarita Vihar from 1100 Hrs onwards. The programme aims at giving insights to the police officers into gender relations and change their professional approach with effective policing of city public spaces through swift and sensitive response to crime especially against women. Addl. Commissioner of Police South-East District, New Delhi.