Metacognition an Example of the Topic Education and science by

Metacognition by Expert Dr. SOLEMN Writer | 14 Dec 2016 Metacognition comes as a center of academic research study by many scholars. It is an important aspect of human cognitive theory that draws a close link on the process of a students knowing who project best learning ingredient. It creates to a learner the best mode of strategies that would provide the most valuable learning skills with which the expertise of learning between different learners can thus are differentiated. By and large, the applicability of metacognition in elementary aged students is critical as a tool that shapes the effects of their learning process. As such a basic tool, it provides persuasive skills that help to promote strategic environment that govern reading for learning process. This is a primary effect that provides content area literacy for aged students. Need essay sample on "Metacognition" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Through metacognition, aged students are provided with the awareness with which they have within their mental processes. This subsequently configures their ability towards monitoring, regulating and directing themselves towards the desired ends of learning process. His /her demonstration of metacognition is when he/she can appropriately articulate the basic strategies which he/she used in reading and understanding a text. According to scholars, metacognition has been a basic tool with which readers can control and also monitor their status of comprehension about an ongoing reading for learning process, which consequently ignites an adjustment in their prevalent strategies in such reading. This is aimed at providing a maximum status towards comprehension Conventionally therefore, metacognition can be defined as the knowledge about a persons state of the cognitive process or elsewhere all that could be related to the process. This is what describes the effect with which different aged learners depict pursuit of difference in their learning tasks. Accordingly, different learners in such different ages develop new strategies towards there thinking process. The level of thinking tends to increase in its awareness towards the thinking process as people grow older. It emphasizes the active regulation and monitoring of the learners cognitive process. This process includes language learning, evaluation, planning and problem solving. Broadly, content area literacy by aged students involves capturing the fundamental aspects of metacognition that would therefore give them an award on appropriate thinking process. This is the engine that drives such aged learners the background environment towards reading for learning. Consequently, metacognition understands the important role played by reading in shaping the modalities of learning. It defines various aspects of reading such as comprehensions, evaluation, problem solving, planning, understanding text language and other various aspects that institute reading as a central pillar learning process. (Cathy, Andrea, 2007) Generally, reading scores perhaps the most important part towards the learning process. It is an engine that articulates texts and comprehensions into an appropriate manner with which the learner can digest and root out the most important core subject of the text. However, importance should be attached in the reading process so that it can provide the most optimal scale of learning. Usually, this would involve the mental process institution of metacognition, which instruments a potential framework for such a learning process Preferentially, metacognition offers a widespread domain that comprehends on reading as an important tool in content area literacy for aged learners. The metacognitive processes of reading in such content areas imply the methodologies with which a learner can read and consequently understand his/her reading texts. The characterization of reading texts is both in factual information and multisyllabic words that are technical. This poses the legitimacy of metacognition in content area literacy. Elsewhere, expository content reading texts are structured in a manner that can be comparative and contrasting, sequencing and causing effect in their learning process. The basic rule of metacognition in the content area learning for aged students that provide a basic tool for reading for learning therefore posits a broad outlay of aspects. Indeed however, the role and influence of metacognition in content area literacy is largely deterministic towards the scope of reading influence on learning (Brenda, 1993) However, a stylistic process with which the metacognitive skills for use in reading for learning captures a system of methodologies. By and large therefore, the metacognitive process of content area literacy incorporates a persuasive interaction of the learner/readers with the text in all the different levels of the reading processes. A persuasive reading for learning in content area literacy should provide a benchmark process with which the reader draws on his/her prior knowledge, setting the reading purpose and elsewhere anticipates the relevant questions that would rise from the reading process. The metacognitive process provides legitimate strategies that ensure interactive process to provide the most implicit scope of reading for learning process. At the reading process, the learner uses strategies for word identification, which includes syllabication and structural analysis. This helps in decoding context clues and multisyllabic words for configuring out the various meanings allied to technical terms. It should involve reading between text lines and draw the most appropriate inferences. Reflection is what comes after reading which helps in synthesizing various ideas got from different sources which would help to give further interpretations. (Zhiui, Beverly, 1999) Through metacognition processes, the reader draws the needs and abilities within the text. For factual content area literacy, metacognition provides three levels that are basic instruments in providing the most appropriate state of reading for learning in aged learners. At the first level, a learner should read and adequately understand the basic factual information held by the reading text. Secondly is the inferential state with which he/she would read between text lines which helps in bringing sense in the ideas by connecting his or her knowledge and the experiences learnt in the past. Thirdly, an evaluation of the information learnt is done to help form and draw relevant conclusions that would consequently help him /her to develop viewpoints on the basis of this information (Timothy, Bernett, 2002) Metacognition therefore provides the basic strategies for content area literacy in aged learners. However, the role of the teacher in giving instructions towards these strategies provides significant influences through training for conventional instructions. The metacognitive process therefore draws different approaches, which a good reader uses in reading actual texts. It provides strategies such as questioning inferring, connections, visualizing, synthesizing determine importance and evaluating towards text meaning. Generally therefore, metacognition in context area studies provide two processes that occur simultaneously. These are giving a substantial state of progress monitoring in the learning process as well as adapting and making new changes that suit optimally your reading strategies. Metacognition in this perspective therefore drills for self-responsibility in reading for learning, self-reflection, goal setting, initiative and management of a readers /learners time. Such metacognition skills would therefore capture the variables that govern conscious control in the learning process, selecting strategies and planning, monitoring the learning progress, analyzing learning effectiveness, correcting errors and behavior (Brenda, 1993) The structural development of successful learning through metacognition strategies for content area literacy therefore captures various aspects. At one level, it seeks to dig for the goals of the learner in the reading process. This is synonymous to the level of motivation towards attaining such goals. Elsewhere, it gives a pre-conception of what a learner could already know about the same area of study. This is through an assessment of the prior knowledge that could be held by him/her about the specific text of study. Consequently, a learner approximates the most optimal number he/she should allocate time schedule and priorities. A learner also has to work out the most rational strategies which can be used in the study process for the best score in the tested exams. Summarily therefore, the importance of metacognitive strategies in content area literacy for aged learners remains implicit. This is because the more skills towards metacognitive strategies provide them with presumptive confidence that make them in being more independent in the learning process. Such learning independence implies self ownership in the learners learning process in realizing the intellectual capacities. Metacognitive skills are what provide learners with the capabilities of becoming good learners. Consequently, the learners are provided with the most factual methodologies for cultivating, exploiting and enhancing a self-driven learning process that bears more reading for learning results in content area literacy Reference Brenda, A & Eleanor, A (1993) Construct Validation of Metacognition. Journal of Psychology, Vol.42 Cathy , B & Andrea, W (2007) Enhancing Content Literacy in Physical Education. Journal of Physical Education Vol.72 Timothy, J & Barnett, S (2002) Applied Metacognition. Cambridge University Press Zhiui, F s Literate Behavior. Journal of Research in Childhood Education, Vol.13

How to Get People to Like You, According to an FBI Behavior Expert

How to Get People to Like You, According to an FBI Behavior Expert We all want to be liked. We all want to be popular at work- at least enough to one day be promoted, enjoy success, and get along with our colleagues. And we all want to make that crucially important first impression into a great one. Networking is too important to fumble. You may have heard that the art of making friends isn’t something you can study up on. But there are a few tried-and-true tricks you can and should employ in the interest of keeping the conversation going, building relationships, and improving your likeability.Here are some of the best.1. Don’t be judgy.According to Robin Dreeke, former head of the FBI’s Behavioral Analysis Program, this is the number one piece of advice she can give to people hoping to be well-liked. It means listening to your conversation partner, asking questions and soliciting opinions, and then not judging that person’s thoughts or feelings.Validate the person you’re speaking to. Understand where they’r e coming from and what they want and need. You’re showing interest by doing this. And letting people talk about themselves? It’s like handing out candy and cocktails when it comes to likeability.2. Let go of your ego.Next time you’re talking to someone and you feel the desire to correct them- or tell an even better story than the one they just told- don’t. Let go your need to be correct and be in the spotlight- it’s the other person’s chance to impress for a while. Don’t just contradict someone because you can. Save that for situations where it’s too important not to.3. Listen correctly.If you think listening is just about shutting up and not saying anything, you’ve got ways to go. It’s definitely not waiting for the other person to stop speaking long enough for you to get in your lines. Instead, show that you’re listening by paraphrasing bits of what was said back to the person, and then asking follow-up q uestions immediately to keep the conversation going. Listen actively, not passively.4. Take an interest in other people.Don’t necessarily ask people about their personal lives or dramas, but do inquire as to what challenges they’re facing- especially in the workplace. It can be helpful for them to talk through these things, and also you can frame it by asking advice. Maybe they raised twins. Maybe they started a business. Start asking questions about challenges and find more common ground.5. Don’t overdo it.New people are more likely to relax around you if you don’t look like you’re about to camp out next to them for the foreseeable future. Make it clear that you have to dash imminently, but you wanted to say hi in the few minutes you still had at the party, etc. Smile and make eye contact, but don’t be too in their face. Be as genuine and pleasant as possible but remain slightly removed, as though they definitely have your full attention, b ut you still have to keep one foot out the door.6. Admit when you’re wrong.It’s not enough to just avoid telling people when they are wrong. You should also make a point to admit when you are wrong. Apologize and take steps to fix it. Be sympathetic and contrite and you’ll avoid hard feelings.7. Be selfless.Once you’ve got a group of coworkers you’re trying to build lasting bonds with, do little things to make them feel important. Say hello to everyone. Show appreciation when due. Put yourself out to do things for your colleagues- even small things like remembering birthdays or including them in conversations. Take a sincere interest in people and they will reward you with their intimacy.8. Criticize with class.If you find you do have to criticize someone, make sure not to make a big show of it. Keep it private, just between the two of you. Don’t make a spectacle or example of it in a more public setting. And try throwing in a compliment or two to soften the blows.

Processualism vs. Post-Processualism Research Paper - 1

Processualism vs. Post-Processualism - Research Paper Example Moreover, the postprocessual perspective which has a modern orientation has been found to cause diversity in archaeological arguments, which as a result has led to post-modernism misunderstandings. This article studies the history of Indiana Jones using the two approaches (Winterhalder, & Eric, 2000). It finally compares and contrasts the two approaches, and finally gives the findings of the study. Theories are guiding principles formulated to help people such as researchers to come up with sensible generalizations of the world around (Hegmon, 2003). This particular study focuses on Indiana Jones’ archaeological approach which is portrayed through drama. A lot of research has been done on this approach, in order to determine if it is a credible way of carrying out archeology. This paper will specifically apply the processual versus the postprocessual approach in trying to come up with sensible conclusions on this title. These approaches present to us the tools to apply in stud ying a particular topic of interest, so as to come up with relevant conclusions (Praetzellis, 2000). While the processual approach is the original way of studying how humans carried out their things, the Postprocessual approach criticizes the processual archaeology. Indiana Jones is considered to the world’s most famous archaeologist because of the role he plays in most of the movies he has acted (Winterhalder & Eric, 2000). His theoretical diversity in many of the movies he has acted, portray him as a real archeologist.

Mini case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mini case - Essay Example The assistance and training to be offered to Kay would be first to evaluate her performance based on the achievement of set goals. This evaluation would provide analysis for advising her on the next steps to take to improve. A review of the bonus remuneration to appreciate the efforts Kay puts in her work. A review of the rise in ranks in the company and recognition of the efforts Kay has put to place the company where it is currently. If I were Dave Parrett, I would simply sit down with Kay; explain to her the situation about the management and explain to her about the consequences of her recent performance. After this I would then advise her on the need and ways to redeem her reputation back at the company. I would advise her to consult with the younger salespeople in the company to get their views of their work, and get fresh new ideas on improving her work tactics. Salespeople, like any other workers, have a ‘work span’ in the company based on their performance. They many have great influence on the business based on their performance. The best thing to do with salespersons that are no longer great is to give them a consultancy role in the company so that they may aid decision making with their expertise and

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 18

Ethics - Essay Example Syria’s situation was different because it was complex. It would take much monetary help through the use of militia. â€Å"Rwanda involved the use of small arms.† (The Gurdian) According to Gilligan, care ethics is a normative theory. This means it is a theory about what makes right or wrong of ones actions. It is known as moral theory. The contrast between ethics of care and ethics of justice is clear when one seems to incorporate moral reasoning to professional discipline substances. The Western morality concept is dominant of rights and justice in its basing. Other principles are formal rationality, impartiality, and impersonality which are universal. They form the basis of moral development and are the bedrock of the dormant Western morality conception. â€Å"Gilligan’s concept contrast with ethic of justice based of relationship and care.† (Virginia) Walzer’s version of dirty hand theory is based on ethics of war in the political sphere’s quest for power. â€Å"He argues that if distributive justice is based on the standards of complex equality then manager selection is the entity of the employees.† (Baarda A and M) This is contrary to the experience of the vast majority in today’s economy that justifies an actor that causes some suffering for the greater good. Mill’s principles bring a different perspective because it gives the idea that happiness is promoted by any action that does not produce pain. Both pain producing and non-pain producing actions contribute to the overall level of society’s happiness. Mills principles do not engage in evil practices to attain happiness. Identical victims are known to be survivors of a scene who possess injuries in their bodies. These injuries are used to separate them from the rest who are in the scene. Therefore the injuries are signs for identity that is clear and easy to detect. Statistical victims are known to be the collective identity

Security Policy ATM

Security Policy ATM The purpose of this document is to define a security policy for Bank H. This policy covers. This comprehensive policy is intended to cover all aspects of information security relating to Bank H ATM machines including: installation, maintenance, and operation ATM machines and network, employee responsibilities, ramifications for customers, and the security of ATM transactions. This document is divided into three sections, each covering a key facet of information security: Organizational Policy Issue-Specific Policy System Specific Policy Organizational Policy Information security is a prime concern at Bank H. much of our information is critical in nature and must be protected not only for our own sake, but for our customers and to comply with government regulations. This makes it the responsibility of every employee of Bank H to comply with the policies established in these policies. Program Responsibility The Chief Information Security Officer has the prime responsibility for establishing and enforcing the procedures necessary for the protection of information. This person reports directly to the Chief Executive Officer and Board of Directors. A security oversight committee will also be formed consisting of the Chief Information Officer, Chief Financial Office, Chief Information Security Officer and other representatives as seen fit. This committee will meet at least quarterly to review security procedures and recommend appropriate updates. The Chief Information Security Office will be responsible for the establishment, implementation, and enforcement of information security policies on a day to day basis. Enforcement All employees of Bank H are required to adhere to the policies contained in this document. Any infringements of this policy will result in disciplinary action up to an including termination and legal action. Each employee will be required to review and sign a document indicating that he or she has reviewed and understood these policies upon hire and as part of the annual employee review process. Any employee who suspects a breach of these policies is required to immediately report the breach to his or her direct supervisor. If that is not possible, then the employee may contact the office of the Chief Information Security Officer directly. Failure to report breaches may result in disciplinary action as specified under these policies. Government Regulations The mandate for a comprehensive information security policy comes from many sources. Of foremost importance is Bank Hs concern for it employees, customers, and information assets. Additionally, due diligence is required by many overseeing government agencies. Title 12, chapter II of the Code of Federal Regulations from the Federal Reserve Board defines security policies that must be followed by banks to ensure compliance with the Bank Secrecy Act and the Bank Security Act (Regulation H: Membership of State Banking Institutions in the Federal Reserve System). Part 326 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation also details minimum security requirements for banks including: Designation of a security officer Implementation of a security program Annual reporting requirements (Part 326—Minimum Security Devices and Procedures and Bank Secrecy Act) Therefore, a main goal of this document is to establish and define a security program that meets the requirements of these and other regulatory agencies. Issue-Specific Policy The key issues that arise when considering our overall information security plan involve protecting our customers, employees, and assets. Three additional issues that must be considered are risk management, disaster recovery, and training, which all work together to support our overall goals for establishing these policies. Protecting Our Customers Whereas ATM machines provide a valuable service to our customers, it is incumbent upon Bank H to take all reasonable steps to insure the security and safety of their assets, personal information, and physical security while they are conducting transactions at a Bank H ATM machine. Regulations in the USA Patriot Act place specific requirements on banks regarding the information that customers must provide in order to open and account (Office of Thrift Supervision Staff Summary of USA Patriot Act.). Furthermore, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 places certain legal requirements on Bank H regarding the protection of sensitive information customer information (Public Law 107-204 107th Congress). Procedures below will detail necessary practices for protecting our customers including: ATM location and physical environment Authentication and verification of identity Protection of private customer information Protecting Our Employees In a real sense, establishing good security policies will protect our employees and help to insulate them from the daily risks of dealing high volumes of money and sensitive information. By clearly outlining security policies and procedures, all employees will have clear guidelines to follow to protect themselves and the assets they come into contact with. Clearly defined control procedures protect both our assets and our employees from accidental or intentional loss. A clearly defined security policy also establishes a legal standard of informed consent which is a judicial requirement that has been established by legal precedent. This document will establish procedures specific to our employees and their interactions with ATMs including: Contact with sensitive information Contact with money and other cash instruments Access to ATM equipment Protecting Our Assets Information, like money, is a valuable asset that must be protected from theft, destruction, and unauthorized access. ATMs represent a unique exposure to risk since they are often installed in locations that are outside the physical perimeter of the banks facilities. Extra precautions must be taken to protect external ATMs and ATMS located at other facilities since they will often be unattended. This policy will establish procedures to protect ATMs including: ATM Locations Environmental guidelines Minimum hardware security issues Data transmission, storage and encryption Risk Management Risk management is one of the first lines of defense in the effort to protect our customers, employees, and assets. Although the details of risk management fall outside the scope of this document, basic risk protection guidelines will be established by the Security Oversight Commission and a senior representative from risk management will be on that committee. In general, it is important that all reasonable steps will be taken to insure the company and customer assets including: FDIC insurance covering customer deposits Applicable insurance to protect ATM equipment Applicable liability coverage Disaster Recovery The ability to recover from natural and man-made disasters is an essential component of any security program. It is not the intent of the policy to create a comprehensive disaster recovery plan for the company. However, issues related to disaster recovery will be covered as applicable to ATMs including: Recovery of information and assets from equipment involved in an accident or disaster that renders the equipment inaccessible or damages or destroys the equipment Planning to mitigate the loss caused by such events Restoration of service, where applicable Training and Awareness All employees are required to attend security awareness training sessions to be coordinated and conducted by the Chief Information Security Officer a minimum of once a year. These sessions will be designed to educate employees of their responsibilities. Topics will include: Education on new and existing policies and procedures Practical training on tools and technology Awareness training on risks and mitigation System Specific Policy Special consideration must be used in protecting the systems that support our ATMs and data networks. As technology changes, so will the challenges and tools available for the security of these systems. Therefore, these policies should be reviewed on a quarterly basis and updated as necessary. ATM Machines ATMs form the core systems covered by these policies. Since many ATMs are outside the physical protection of our facilities, special care must be taken to protect them. Policies must be implemented to deal with these unique systems including: Money control procedures Technology to monitor ATMs against tampering and abuse Best-practices for installation and maintenance of ATMs Networks Data networks are necessary components of an ATM system and in some cases the most vulnerable. Therefore, all due care must be taken to insure the integrity, reliability, and security of our networks. Policies must be established regarding: Network installation and maintenance Network monitoring Network protocols and standards The use of encryption Section 2 Security Systems As the field of information security has matured, several recognized standards have evolved. Following these standards help to insure the development of comprehensive and effective security policies. A key concept in information protection is the concept of security systems. Security systems are domains of protection that establish the best practices. Our policies will be developed to cover each of these domains as appropriate. Confidentiality Confidentiality protects information from disclosure or exposure to unauthorized agents. Confidential information must be clearly indentified and reasonable steps must be taken to maintain its confidentiality. The following policies relate to confidentiality in the context of Bank H ATM security: Information will be classification so that confidential information can be identified and protected. Measures will be taken to protect confidential information in both physical and electronic form. The confidentiality of customer information is of prime importance. The confidentiality of personal employee information will also be protected. Integrity Integrity insures that information is kept in its original state and does not become corrupted at any point in the system. Systems must be implemented to protect assets from both intentional and unintentional corruption. The following policies relate to integrity in the context of Bank H ATM security: Error-checking data protocols will be used to insure the integrity of information in electronic form. Proper control procedures will be used in the handling and transport of information in physical media. Backup and archival policies will be constructed so that information may be re-created in the event of loss. All hardware and software will be maintained to insure the highest level of integrity when working with our data. Availability In order to be useful, assets must be available to those authorized to access. Some security risks are designed to block access to information and other assets. Policies that support availability include: Systems connected to external networks will have software and hardware to protect them against denial of service attacks. Disaster recovery plans will be developed and tested to insure the quick recovery of operations in the event of a disaster. ATMs will be located in areas that are accessible and convenient while appropriate measures are taken to secure them. Access control One of the first lines of defense is to limit access to an asset to authorized personnel only. This starts with locking the door and may include other devices and techniques to control access. Examples of access control include: Locked areas will be used as appropriate and policies will be developed to manage keys and access codes. The use of automated access cards or key-code locks will be used as appropriate to limit access to authorized personnel. The use of usernames, passwords, and other methods will be used to limit computer system access. Keys, codes, and other information relating to access to ATMs will be closely managed. Non-repudiation Accountability is the final key to a good security system. A clear and authentic trail of ownership and access to information and other assets must be established and maintained at all times. Examples of policies designed to enforce non-repudiation are: Fingerprints will be used to irrefutabley identify parties, as appropriate, when dealing with information in physical media. Digital certificates and digital signatures will be used to add irrefutable identification to electronic information as appropriate. Section 3 Standards The following standards have been established as minimum set of requrements that must be met in order to insure our security and protection of our assets. Compliance with these standards in mandatory at all levels. Any exceptions must be cleared in writing by the Chief Information Security Officer with the agreement of the Security Oversight Committee. Employees Before hire, all employees will sign a release document authorizing the company to perform or contract with a third party to perform a background investigation. Employees will be required to present a verified set of fingerprints which will be sent to appropriate law enforcement agencies for a criminal background check. Potential candidates who do not pass such background checks or fail to submit to them will not be considered for employment. All employees, upon hire, will be required to review and sign the following documents: A non-disclosure agreement stating that they will not disclose company information to third parties. An information confidentiality policy describing the banks information classification system and the handling of information at each level. A privacy statement informing the employee that their personal information will be held as company confidential and will not be released to third parties except as required by law. An accepted use of company resourced policy which clearly explains that all company equipment and resources, including information and service, are wholly owned by Bank H. Employees may not use any company equipment or resources for personal use. Upon hire, each employee will be issued a photo id card. This card must be displayed at all times while on company premises. When an employee leaves the company for any reason, the following procedures are to be followed: Whether the termination was for voluntary or involuntary reasons, employees will not be allowed to stay on the premises. The standard 2 week notice will be foregone and the employee will be expected to depart the premises on the same day. Any compensation due will be determined by human resource policy. Before leaving the premises, employees will conduct an exit interview. During this time the employee will reveal or return any access instruments that are outstanding in their file. Access to all computer systems or any other system that was granted to the employee will be immediately removed. Customers A valid government ID and social security card must be presented by all bank customers before an account of any kind can be opened. Copies of these documents will be made and kept on file in a secure manner. Potential customers must be cleared using industry appropriate services to insure that they are free and clear form obligations to other financial institutions before they will be allowed to establish and account. Each customer will be issued a secret Personal Identification Number (PIN) at the time they open an account. The PIN must be created using a system either randomly generates a PIN that is only known to the customer or allows the customer to enter the PIN without the revealing it to the bank employees. PINs will be immediately encrypted. At not time will a PIN be stored or transmitted in an unencrypted form. ATM cards will clearly show the full name of the customer, their card number, and a clear expiration date. ATM cards and any corresponding PIN shall not be mailed or otherwise transmitted within the same document or package. Upon closing their account, customers will return any ATM Cards in their possession. All ATM cards will be immediately disabled. Customers will be required to read and sign a document that explains their obligations for ensuring the security of their ATM cards and transactions. At a minimum, customers must agree to: Take reasonable steps to ensure that the ATM card issued to them is kept secure Notify the bank as soon as they believe that an ATM card has been lost or stolen Not let anyone else user their ATM card Not reveal their PIN to anyone else Notify the bank if their PIN has become compromised. Non customers wishing to conduct business with the bank will be required to show a valid government issued ID and must leave a fingerprint on file, preferably on the document being transacted. Employee and customer areas will be clearly marked. Customer will not be allowed in employee areas. Physical Security All company facilities shall be secured, at a minimum by doors with manual locks. Doors shall remain locked during non-business hours and at any time the facility is not occupied. A log must be kept of keys, the number of copies that have been made, and who the keys have been distributed to. Records must also be kept of keys that are reported as lost and who was reported to be in possession of the key at the time it was lost. A log must be kept of electronic codes and door access cards including who such instruments have been distributed to. Records must also be kept of access cards that are reported as lost and who was reported to be in possession of the key at the time it was lost. Employees must notify security as soon as they believe that a key, access card, or lock access code has been compromised. All bank facilities that hold money and similar must be secured by an alarm system. Employees should have the ability to trigger such alarms without detection. All ATMs must be secured with alarm systems that are triggered by unauthorized tampering. All alarm systems must be tied directly to local authorities or a registered alarm service that monitors the alarm status at all times. Monetary Access Appropriate control procedures and accounting procedures must be adhered to when dealing with money. Any area in which money is handled, held, or transported must be under constant video surveillance. Any monetary transactions exceeding $1000 must be verified and witness by a second employee. Any monetary transactions exceeding $10000 must be continuously observed by an employee who is at a higher level than the employee completing the transaction. The transport of money outside the bank facility must be handled by an authorized armored transport service and escorted by qualified armed personnel. Information Classification All information, whether in physical or electronic form, shall be assigned an appropriate level of classification based on its sensitivity and criticality. Data shall be assigned a minimum of three levels of classification. Public this information is neither sensitive nor critical to the company, nor is there any legal requirement to protect it. Confidential this is information that is sensitive in nature and should not be reveled to the general public. This classification is further subdivided into two categories: Company Confidential this information is sensitive information related to bank. Customer Confidential this is private information that belongs to a customer and must be protected by law. Critical information that is not necessarily (but may be) confidential, but is nevertheless critical to the successful functioning of the bank. ATM Equipment ATMs that require external access must still be secured in such a way that any access panels are not visible and cannot be easily accessed. All ATM machines must be under constant video surveillance. All networks shall be protected by a hardware-based firewall and other hardware and software deemed appropriate. The banks internal network shall not be exposed to public networks such as the Internet. All data transmitted via a network must be encrypted to prevent exposure to unauthorized tapping. Data protocols must be in place to validate that data is both transmitted and received in its original form. Data that does not pass validation should be rejected and logged. Network security software must be installed that constantly monitors the network for patterns and signs of attempted or actual unauthorized access. Activity that represents a threat must trigger an alarm to appropriate agencies and personnel. The daily stocking and removal of cash to and from an ATM shall be done in adherence to policies in section regarding the handling of cash detailed above. Each ATM shall use a PIN encryption device that encrypts and stores the information in a secure manner. Hardware must be implemented monitor, analyze, and authenticate any external source attempting to connect to the ATM. Unauthorized attempts must be logged and reported immediately to the monitoring agency. ATMs shall be connected to a monitoring system that automatically tracks the status of the ATM. The ATM should be configured with software that can log and securely transmit information about usage for external profiling to detect potential attacks. All ATMs must be under continual video surveillance as detailed in section 2.3 above. At no time will the customers PIN, account number, or other confidential information be displayed on the screen or any receipt. Networks All networks shall be protected by a hardware-based firewall and other hardware and software deemed appropriate. All data transmitted via a network must be encrypted to prevent exposure to unauthorized tapping. Section 4 Practices, Procedures and Guidelines This section defines the practices and procedures for the day to day operations of the company. These represent a set of guidelines which allow managers to perform their duties with due diligence, while also offering flexibility and adaptability for various environments and situations. Any questions about interpretation should be addressed the office of the Chief Information Security Officer. Employees Employees may, as appropriate, be issued certain instruments or information that allows them to access restricted areas or information. Upon receipt of any such instrument, the employee will sign a document verifying their receipt and agreeing to release the instrument back to the company when their job no longer requires it or upon termination. Instruments of this nature include, but are not limited to: ID Cards Access cards Access codes including usernames, passwords, Pins, and codes to electronic locks. Keys Customers Customers should read and sign a privacy notice informing them that their personal and financial information will be protected and not revealed to any third party except where required by law. Customers should be given a pamphlet that explains how to safely and securely use their ATM card online and at ATM machines. Physical Security The same procedures detailed in section 3.3 should be implemented for padlocks or other portable locking devices and keys to them. Doors that required access by more than 5 people should be considered for electronic access. Security officers should be present at all facilities that hold money and similar instruments during business hours. After hours, arrangements for surveillance and patrol should be implemented as appropriate. Prominent security cameras should be located both inside and outside all facilities that hold money or related instruments. These cameras should be linked to a system that records their images at all times. Computer Access In general, computers used for bank business should not be connected to the Internet. Computers that require connection to the Internet should not also be connected to the Banks internal network. Software that monitors and controls Internet activity should be used on computers connected to the Internet. The following guidelines should be used for password security: Passwords should be changed at a minimum of every 30 days. Passwords should not be reused. Passwords should contain a minimum of one number and one character and must be at least eight characters in length. Monetary Access Appropriate control procedures and accounting procedures must be adhered to when dealing with money. Any area in which money is handled, held, or transported must be under constant video surveillance. Any monetary transactions exceeding $1000 must be verified and witness by a second employee. Any monetary transactions exceeding $10000 must be continuously observed by an employee who is at a higher level than the employee completing the transaction. The transport of money outside the bank facility must be handled by an authorized armored transport service and escorted by qualified armed personnel. Information Classification Additional levels of information classification may be assigned as appropriate. All information that is considered confidential should be clearly labeled as such. Electronic confidential information should be stored in an encrypted form at all times. Physical media that is confidential should be secured in a locked location at all times. Information that is critical should be backed up an archived on a regular basis. ATM Equipment ATMs should be located inside of an existing bank facility when possible. ATMs should be installed in a well-lit area with open access. Keys and other devices that allow access to ATMs must be kept under tight security and are subject to regulations specified under section ATMs should be installed by authorized vendors who have been screened and are bonded. Records of all persons involved in the installation will be kept and archived. All vendors should supply documentation showing that the persons performing the installation have successfully passed a background check including a criminal background investigation. A schedule of preventive maintenance should be created to insure the correct functioning of all ATMs. Maintenance shall be performed only by qualified individuals. Records of maintenance should be kept including the date of the maintenance, what was done, and who performed the maintenance. These records shall be considered company confidential. Systems should be in place to prevent the tampering of ATMs or tampering with their information. ATMs should incorporate and audible alarm that is triggered by any sign of trouble. The ATMs internal software should be capable of sending alarms to the appropriate agency when the ATM is in need of service. ATMs should be secured to an immoveable foundation. The internal safe that contains the money should be manufactured, tested and rated for strength and resistance to attacks. Internal components should be protected in such a way that a single individual cannot gain access. This insures that at least two people are present with separate access codes and/or keys in order to gain access to the ATM. Mirrors should be installed to allow customers to see their surroundings while they are transacting at an ATM, but not allow others to see what they are doing. The keypad and screen of the ATM should be located in such a way that the customers body naturally blocks the keypad when it is being used. ATM usage should be monitored and analyzed to insure that each ATM is appropriately stocked with cash to meet customer demands. Networks The banks internal network should not be exposed to public networks such as the Internet. Data protocols should be in place to validate that data is both transmitted and received in its original form. Data that does not pass validation should be rejected and logged. Network security software should be installed that constantly monitors the network for patterns and signs of attempted or actual unauthorized access. Activity that represents a threat must trigger an alarm to appropriate agencies and personnel. Bibliography The following resources were used as reference material for the preparation of this document. Office of Thrift Supervision Staff Summary of USA Patriot Act. Department of Treasury. 20

Causes of World War One :: essays research papers

â€Å"Because That Guy Got Shot†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is a lot of speculation as to which event of the nineteen hundreds led to the out break of World War One. Many people tend to say â€Å"Because that guy got shot.† Still others have blamed everything from increased Nationalism and Imperialism in Hungary to Militarism in Russia. If one had to answer the question â€Å"What was the cause of World War One,† the answer would be all of the above, and more. The events from June of 1914 through August of 1914 can be described as a classic case of ‘one thing led to another’.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The chain of events starts with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Many people tend to confuse this first part in the chain of events as the total cause of World War One, but that is not the case. The assassination is but a mere trigger of a domino effect. The assassination immediately led to Imperialism of Austria-Hungary over Serbia. It was demanded that Serbia allow the assassins to be released to be punished adequately by Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary immediately sought an ally with Germany, assuming war would follow after their demands of Serbia. Austria-Hungary and Germany declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The declarations of war were chain reactions in themselves. In defense because of war looking like a major possibility, Russia began militarizing. Germany saw Russia’s Militarism as a threat. War was declared from Germany on Russia. France was in a treaty with Russia and therefore against Austria-Hungary and Germany. Britain entered the war as an ally with France and to protect Belgium. Britain’s entrance gained the resources of all of the British colonies an territories as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many other countries eventually entered during the war because of threats. However, the above is the direct chain of events that caused World War One.

Character Analysis of “To Kill A Mockingbird” by Harper Lee Essay

In the novel, â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, the character Scout plays an important role; Harper Lee portrays her as straightforward, abrupt, impulsive, and even just plain rude. One example of this is when Scout says, â€Å"He ain’t company, Cal, he’s just a Cunningham,† (Lee 24) in reference to when Walter Cunningham was over at the Finch residence, and Scout disapproved of the way he ate his food, that is, with a liberal amount of syrup. This shows that she is unafraid to speak her mind. Also, it shows that she is very opinionated about classes of people, as the Cunningham boy was of a lower class than Scout’s own family. This, in addition, proves that Scout can be unruly when she wants to be. Another great quote from Lee’s story, to go along with the one above, would be when Scout decides to take a piece of gum from a knothole in a tree on the way home from school. â€Å"I stood on tiptoe†¦hastily looked around once more, reached into the hole, and withdrew two pieces of chewing gum minus their outer wrappers. My first impulse was to stick it into my mouth.†(Lee 32) This excerpt from the story shows Scout’s impulsive side, showing that she does not always think before acting. There is also another side to Scout that we do not see as much, the gentle side, where she cares for Jem, and wants him not to go to the Radley’s to give Arthur Radley a note. Another example is when she goes with Jem to read to Mrs. Dubose, a horrible woman, every day. In conclusion, Scout may seem rowdy, unruly, and uncouth, and she may be, but on the inside there is more to that, she also is a caring little girl.

Literature review- burnout among construction workers

A case of burnout among project managers in the South African construction Industry. Burnout Is a syndrome which Is commonly found among Individuals working In high pressure environments and is defined as a negative experience which results from the interaction between the individual and the environment (Yip and Rollins, 2009).Burnout is known to be a syndrome characterized by three dimensions; these dimensions being emotional exhaustion, cynicism and personal inefficacy; burnout affects individuals in a way that they are likely to feel as if they have a lack of energy, cynical attitude which causes distancing from work and are inclined to view themselves in a negative light causing them to feel dissatisfied with their achievements in the workplace (Miasmal et al, cited in Yip and Rollins, 2009).The construction Industry Is a complex and demanding environment which consists of long working hours and as a result can cause mental and physical exhaustion (YIP and Rollins, 2009). Charac teristics of the construction Industry which Include multilevel subcontracting, time pressure, constant worker rotation and an unstable work environment are what could contribute to the psychological stress experienced y managers in the construction industry; these stress causing factors are what justify studying the prevalence of burnout in the construction industry (Amelia and Bacterial, 2007).The level of burnout among project managers in the construction industry: Existing literature discusses burnout in terms of the three dimensions, emotional exhaustion, cynicism and personal inefficacy, and relates these constructs of burnout to turnover Intention, Job satisfaction, demographic characteristics, work engagement and organizational commitment; the literature also considers the prevalence of runt In the construction Industry and the effects thereof on the performance of employees.Emotional exhaustion occurs when an individual has been under too much burden and as a result their e motional resources have been used up (Kill, Pent and Selves, 2011). Cynicism is representative of the interpersonal dimension of burnout and refers to â€Å"a negative, callous, or excessively detached response to various aspects of the job† (Letter and Miasmal, 2004, p. 93). In addition, Letter and Miasmal (2004) notes that personal inefficacy relates to self-evaluation and refers to linings of incompetence, a lack of productivity and a lack of achievement in the work place.According to COB (cited In Lung, Chain and Dungy, 2011) the construction Industry Is a stressful Industry where often, many of the professionals suffer from stress. Project managers in the construction industry take on the role of a middle ground departments, construction professionals, consultancies, contractors, sub-contractors, and suppliers (Lung, Chain and Dungy, 2011). Hamilton (cited in Lung, Chain and Dungy, 2011), noted that a construction project manager acts as the leader of a empowers construc tion team during the different phases of a project life cycle.In addition to dealing with demanding time schedules, limited site resources and uncertainties, project managers also need to plan, organize and supervise the progress and safety of the work as well as motivate the teams on the construction site (Ritz, cited in cited in Lung, Chain and Dungy, 2011). For construction project managers, interpersonal relationships is also needed to accomplish good performance (Disbarred, 1996; Lung et al. , 2009), thus, burnout among construction project managers can be considered to include exhaustion, cynicism, reduced reflections efficacy (Lung, Chain and Dungy, 2011).According to Cherries and Brandenburg (cited in Lung, Chain and Dungy, 2011), burnout starts with exposure to excessive Job stress which results from long and irregular working hours and produces strain among construction project managers which eventually leads to burnout. This is supported by Bowen, Edwards and Leningrad (2 013) who states that in the construction industry, work hours are long and the inability to meet project objectives is sometimes caused by unexpected events.Based on a study of 108 construction project managers, the results showed that burnout mongo construction project managers occurs as a result of Job stress, the occurrence of burnout then acts as a catalyst for physiological stress (Lung, Chain and Dungy, 2011). The study by Lung, Chain and Dungy (2011) correlates with the argument presented by Monster, Peters and Roost (201 1), which states that burnout results from high work demands which need to be dealt with under limited resources which leads to negative experiences which accumulate and results in burnout.Lung, Chain and Dungy (2011) states that it is important for project managers to recognize their Job stress in the early stages, from this point they recommend that takeovers assess the stress shown by the project managers and rearrange the work allocation accordingly; sub sequent to this, firms should regularly monitor the level of stress and burnout shown by the project managers and offer sources of social support which could include non-work related gatherings.Contrary to the views shared by Lung, Chain and Dungy (2011) as well as Monster, Peters and Roost (201 1), which state that long working hours and high demands are what leads to Job stress and ultimately burnout, IBM et al (2011) argue that long working hours is not the main source of stress but rather budget related pressures ND ambitious deadlines. IBM et al (2011) do however agree with Ritz (cited in Lung, Chain and Dungy, 2011), that factors which contribute to Job stress include high work volume and safety and security concerns on site.Brand-Leprechauns, Monster and Earthman (2012) discussed that over the past decade, work related well-being specifically related to burnout and work engagement Construction Regulations in South Africa introduced psychological well-being in the Occupational Health Safety Act; the purpose of this Act was to create a framework which ensures higher levels of health and safety in the industry (Deacon and Eke 006, cited in Brand-Leprechauns, Monster and Earthman, 2012).According to Bowen, Edwards and Leningrad (2013), the construction industry is known as a high- stress working environment which affects the health and well-being of the people in it. Based on the literature reviewed for the purpose of this study, it is evident that there are studies which discuss burnout within the context of the South African construction industry, however not many studies have been done to measure specifically the level of burnout among project managers within the South African construction industry. The existing research does however show that there clearly is evidence of burnout within the construction industry.Research done in Hong Kong by Lung, Chain and Dungy (2011) shows that burnout is highly prevalent among project managers in the construction ind ustry and discusses the negative effects it has on the managers and the working environment as well as possible solutions to address the level of burnout experienced. Lung, Chain and Dungy (2011) states that for a study of this nature, questionnaire surveys as a method of data collection proves difficult to eliminate potential errors and therefore and recommend that qualitative data using semi-structured or non- structured interviews be used for rather research.Understanding the effects and consequences of burnout can thus be viewed as a preventative measure and the study thereof is therefore important and relevant in the South African context. Relationship between burnout and turnover intentions: A big question to the management of many firms is what influences an employee to leave the firm. Numerous studies have found that burnout and Job satisfaction are among the major influencer of turnover intentions. According to studies done by researchers such as Cotton and Tuttle (1986), t urnover intention is the likelihood of an employee staying or leaving a company.However, Teeth and Meyer (1993) stated that turnover intention is when the employee is determined to leave the company. In addition, Fishbone and Zen, (1975) found an indication that employees make a conscious choice to leave before actually leaving their Jobs. Bark et al. (2001) discussed that several research that has been done used intent to leave instead of actual turnover as measures for turnover intentions. For example, Cotton and Tuttle (1986) found that people are more likely to leave an organization when their expectations have not been met.However, Ghana and Fen (2011) indicate that many, UT not all factors of both Job satisfaction and burnout prove to be relevant factors affecting turnover intention. Choc et al (2012) found that managing Job burnout is important for decreasing turnover intentions and show that turnover intentions can be explained by the factors of Job burnout: emotional exhaus tion, diversification, and reduced personal accomplishment. Between Job burnout and turnover intentions in various settings. Sings et al. 1994) stated that Job burnout is a generalized construct including emotional exhaustion, diversification, and decreased achievements and proved that Job burnout has did detrimental effects on Job outcomes, through increased employee turnover, reduced Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and Job performance. Schaeffer and Beaker (2004) stressed that Job burnout specifically including emotional exhaustion and diversification is an important predictor of turnover intentions for companies.The argument by Choc et al (2012) agrees with that of Schaeffer and Beaker (2004) which states that burnout is a predictor of turnover intention, however Choc et al (2012) discusses that all the dimensions of burnout are positively related to turnover intentions. In addition, Letter and Miasmal, (2009) established that burnout and high workload increase the l evel of employee intention. Furthermore, Leather and Mach (2009) discuss that all burnout factors are among the main causes for turnover intentions and that these results are supported by other studies within different industries.However, Demerit et. Al (2001) states that high Job stresses together with lack of resources most likely cause burnout. Briar et al (2013) tested the impact of very stressful Jobs and found that emotional Job demands are causes for burnout, specifically related to exhaustion and cynicism. Lachrymal and Aryan, (1986) and Sorensen Sorensen, (1974) both argue that the reasons for turnover intention rely on the assumption that the basic conflict between loyalties experienced mostly by professionals negatively affects their work attitudes, and hence leads to turnover intentions.Ghana and Fen (2011) show that many but not all factors of Job satisfaction and burnout are applicable dynamics affecting turnover intention. Letter and Miasmal (2009) also found that the re may be limited mediation effects of burnout, mainly through emotional exhaustion, within the impact of Job satisfaction on turnover intention, Choc et al (2012) showed that financial prizes were effective in decreasing turnover intentions under diversification. However, financial rewards increased turnover intentions under reduced personal accomplishment.In addition, career paths were effective in decreasing turnover under both diversification and reduced personal accomplishment. Choc et al (2012) goes on to show how complex it is for managers to implement Just one set of policies to reduce all problems. Many studies that have been conducted, (Briar et al. (2013), Cotton and Tuttle (1986), Cohen(1999), Choc et al (2012)) all conclude that there is a positive relationship teens burnout and turnover intention in which they add that if the burnout factors are not managed properly it is likely to cause an increase in turnover intention.Relationship between burnout and organizational commitment: According to Corded (1993), emotional exhaustion is the main characteristic of burnout. Emotional exhaustion is characterized by a somatic and psychological are depleted, when the possibility of resources being depleted is high, in scenarios whereby an individual's resources are insufficient enough to carry out work requirements or when expected results are not acquired by the resources (Hobble, 1988).Hobble (1989) described these resources as an individual's personal attributes, circumstances, limitations or vigor that represents the individual's ability to achieve work demands. Social support, promotions, the level of participation during decision making processes, independence and reward incentives are all examples of resources (Lee and Seaports, 1996). Wright and Cropland (1998) described compromising situations in the workplace, workload and conflict as work demands.Emotional exhaustion takes place when individuals believe they do not have the adequate resources to meet work demands (Hobble, 1989). Organizational ointment has a negative relationship with an individual's resources that are required to meet organizational demands (Wright and Cropland, 1998). The pressure to meet organizational demands eventually leads to Job stress which, if left untreated, could lead potentially lead to emotional exhaustion (Wright and Cropland, 1998).Emotional exhaustion, in turn, diminishes organizational commitment (Lee and Seaports, 1996). Miasmal (2003) speculated that organizational commitment has a negative relationship with burnout. Individuals who experience high levels of burnout affect their fellow colleagues negatively, bringing about conflict n the workplace and disturbing work activities (Miasmal, 2003). Wright and Cropland (1998), however, argue that despite the fact that emotional exhaustion diminishes organizational commitment, practical evidence for this particular research is lacking.Research on burnout has classically been based on the princ iple that it affects employees' organizational commitment negatively (Lee and Seaports 1996). As is apparent with the research analyses above, studies have obtained evidence that burnout causes decreased levels of organizational commitment Jackson et al. 1987, Letter and Miasmal 1988). However, there are studies which show that the relationship between burnout and commitment could possibly operate in the opposite direction, that is; organizational commitment could possibly cause burnout (Goliath, Drilldown and Gillespie, 1998).In a study conducted by Goliath, Drilldown and Gillespie (1998), results verify that organizational commitment had equally direct and indirect consequences on burnout. The study, which focused on nurses, demonstrated that a huge commitment to the organization had a positive relationship with levels of emotional exhaustion (Goliath, Drilldown and Gillespie, 1998). Put simply, these results maintain the argument that, in extremely demanding work environments, or ganizational commitment may be a major attributer of burnout (Goliath, Drilldown and Gillespie, 1998).Schaeffer and Bunk (1996) suggested that employees with low levels of commitment tend to withdraw from the work environment and are likely to experience the penalties of heavily stressed work environment a whole lot more than their fellow employees who are highly committed to the organization. This is quite similar to the results found by Begley and Chukka (1993), which discovered that organizational commitment intensified the correlation teens stress and Job discontentment among nurses.In a study involving technicians, results demonstrated that organizational commitment has varying Gillespie, 1998). Different elements of burnout are not only more outstanding for varying professions, in addition, the possible attribution to burnout and the penalties of burnout could be highly variable (Goliath, Drilldown and Gillespie, 1998). Lee and Seaports (1996) asserted that additional research should make the methodical contrast of the burnout occurrence of a variety of professions a focal point of research. Currents studies have several restrictions (Goliath, Drilldown and Gillespie, 1998).Finally, while preceding studies have focused largely on the consequences of burnout on employees' level of organizational commitment, other studies have established that it is likewise imperative to take into consideration the effects of organizational commitment on burnout (Goliath, Drilldown and Gillespie, 1998). Relationship between burnout and Job satisfaction: A pleasurable or positive emotional state as a result of Job experience or the appraisal of the Job is known as Job satisfaction (Digitalis, Ketosis's and Toga, cited in Marinas and Van Deer Westernizes, 2013).According to War (cited in Marinas and Van Deer Westernizes, 2013), Job satisfaction can occur as a result of remuneration, work relationships, working conditions, Job security, promotional prospects, training opport unities and the nature of the Job. Marinas and Van Deer Westernizes (2013) who conducted a study based on work well-being in a medical laboratory setting in South Africa, states that the results of the study in this environment found that exhaustion and cynicism which are dimensions of burnout are significantly negatively related to Job satisfaction.Marinas and Van Deer Westernizes (2013) also state that Job satisfaction is the strongest component of well- being in the work place. Oozed, Graciously and Wildfire (2013) agrees with the argument put forward by Digitalis, Ketosis's and Toga (cited in Marinas and Van Deer Westernizes, 2013) which states that Job satisfaction is an emotional state, however according to Oozed, Graciously and Wildfire (2013), Job satisfaction is also a behavioral expression which shows an individual's evaluation of their work, working life and working environment.According to Oozed, Graciously and Wildfire 2013), who conducted a study in Turkey based on the relationship between burnout and Job satisfaction among nurses found that nurses who suffer with emotional exhaustion and diversification have lower scores for Job satisfaction whereas those nurses who experience higher levels of personal achievement have greater levels of Job satisfaction.Thus, the study conducted by Oozed, Graciously and Wildfire (2013) supports the findings by Marinas and Van Deer Westernizes (2013) which states that a negative relationship exists between Job satisfaction and the dimensions of burnout. Similarly, a study conducted by Digitalis, Ketosis's and Toga (2004) among librarians in academic libraries in Greece shows that Job satisfaction is negatively related to emotional exhaustion and diversification while a positive relationship exists between personal achievement and Job satisfaction.To further confirm the findings by other researchers, a study conducted in the hospitality industry in Istanbul by Kill, Polite and Selves (2011) notes that the study of the relationship between burnout and Job satisfaction is important for business managers and practitioners and furthermore found that within this industry, runt. Few studies have been conducted which focus specifically on the relationship between burnout and Job satisfaction among project managers in the construction industry; a study was however conducted based on construction project managers' health in the UK by Love and Edwards (2005).According to Love and Edwards (2005), Job satisfaction among construction workers is defined as a â€Å"match between the rewards offered by the work environment and the individual's preferences for those rewards†. The study by Love and Edwards (2005) used a measurement scale developed by War et al (cited in Love and Edwards, 2005) to assure Job satisfaction; the scale includes the factors of work conditions, management, promotion, salary, Job security and co-workers as variables of Job satisfaction.Recommendations for managing stress, heal th and Job satisfaction among project managers in the construction industry includes training construction project managers to adopt and implement strategies to cope with their stress as well as providing support mechanisms within the firm (Love and Edwards, 2005). A South African study which looks at burnout and Job satisfaction among nurses shows that two factors were yielded when measuring Job satisfaction; these factors include reflections advancement and reward as one factor and leave as another factor (Sloppier et al. , 2012).The results of the study show that the most dissatisfaction was experienced with regards to wages, opportunities for advancement and study leave (Sloppier et al. , 2012). Sloppier et al. (2012) argue that Job satisfaction and burnout are related and furthermore that a positive environment leads to increased Job satisfaction and lower levels of burnout. In agreement with Oozed, Graciously and Wildfire (2013), the study by Sloppier et al. (2012) states that the degree of burnout in he nursing industry in South Africa is strongly correlated to that of Job satisfaction.A review of existing literature on burnout and the constructs thereof show that there are many arguments by various researchers which correlate with each other. In this review, the dimensions of burnout are clearly identified as emotional exhaustion, cynicism and personal efficacy (Letter and Miasmal, 2004). The review of literature with regards to the level of burnout among project managers in the construction industry shows that the complex nature of the Job is likely to cause Job stress which is a predictor of burnout (Lung, Chain and Dungy, 2011).A gap was identified in the lack of literature which exists based on project managers in the construction industry in South Africa and specifically the levels of burnout among them. Furthermore, the review of existing literature shows that researchers have adopted different definitions for the term turnover intentions', despi te this a clear correlation in results exists which shows that a relationship does exist between turnover intention and burnout. Similarly, the review of literature relating organizational commitment and burnout shows that a relationship does exist between the two variables.A clear lack f literature when reviewing the literature based on burnout related to turnover intention, Job satisfaction, organizational commitment and demographic factors is evident. This lack of literature shows that there is a need for further research on these work-related outcomes not only among project managers but within the construction industry in South Africa as a whole. Service employees' burnout levels related to demographic characteristics: According to Miasmal (2003), individuals to the working environment alone.These attributes include demographics, personal traits as well as beliefs that stem from the working environment (Miasmal, 003). Miasmal (2003) affirmed that a number of these attributes are correlated to burnout. The area of interest in this instance is demographic characteristics. Miasmal (2003) put forward that age is the variable that is most constantly correlated to burnout, among the available demographic variables. It was reported that younger employees, under the ages of 30 and 40, experience high levels of burnout (Miasmal, 2003).This is attributed to the fact that age is disconcerted with the individuals level of work experience and it is for this reason that the younger employees experience higher levels of burnout (Miasmal, 2003). Miasmal (2003) allowed up with the sex demographic and concluded that this particular demographic was not an efficient forecaster of burnout. Results from previously conducted research suggested that female employees are characterized with higher levels of burnout, while other results characterized men with higher levels of burnout (Miasmal, 2003).Also, some research results were inconclusive, with very little difference between t he levels of burnout experienced by men and women (Miasmal, 2003). Regarding marital status, Miasmal (2003) discovered that individuals who were not married experienced higher levels of burnout than those who were aired. Furthermore, single individuals experienced higher levels of burnout than divorced individuals (Miasmal, 2003). Miasmal (2003) then explored the level of education and came to conclude that individuals with a higher level of education experience higher levels of burnout than those who are less educated.In a study conducted by Corded (1993), she suggested that there are certain demographic variables that have proven to contribute to the Justification of why certain individuals experience high levels of burnout and why others are somewhat immune to burnout demographic variables. Men and women have frequently reported discrepancies in the levels of burnout experienced, however, there is inconclusive evidence pertaining to the pattern and complications of relationships (Lemmas, Rafter, Purdue, and Ruddiest, 1987).Studies conducted by Anderson and Knick (1984) also suggested that younger employees constantly reported higher levels of burnout compared to employees who were much older. Employees who were more experienced reported extremely low levels of burnout thus concluding that, the older and more experienced an employee, the lower the reported levels of burnout (Anderson and Knick, 1984). Miasmal and Jackson (1985) further asserted that individuals who were married experienced very low levels of burnout compared to individuals who are not married and experienced considerably higher levels of burnout.Individuals who have children experienced lower levels of burnout compared to individuals who had no children and experienced higher levels of burnout (Miasmal and Jackson, 1985). To conclude, Corded (1993) affirmed that based on the available literature today, she believes that the burnout trend requires more consideration by researchers whose focus of study is stress processes in the work environment. Burnout seems to be a extinctive kind of a stress pattern that takes into account the awareness of emotional of reduced personal achievement (Corded, 1993).

My Values essays

My Values essays People have very different reasons on why going to college and getting an education is important for them. Some people go to college because that is what is expected of them, and others go because they have nothing else better to do. However, I am interested in going to college and obtaining a good education because it will benefit my family, my country, and me. My parents have this perfect life for me pictured in their heads, and the first thing they see me doing is going to college. They expect the best of me, and so by going to college, I will not only have fulfilled their goals for me, but I will have accomplished one of the goals I have set for myself. In our culture, when parents come to the age where they cant support themselves, it is the duty of the children to look after them. We dont just throw our elders into retirement homes and visit them twice every year. We are expected to meet their wants and needs, and that will not be possible without a good education, which will then lead to a good job. As you know, a college education is good for each individual, but not only that, it is good for the country. As a college education becomes more obtainable through the use of financial aid, our country benefits the most. We are the future businessmen and women of America, and through our knowledge, the country will grow. The education we get today will help us prosper in the future, and the more we expand our horizons, the more the economy will increase. If students are denied an education because they dont have the means to pay for college, then they are deprived of accomplishing their goals and reaching their fullest potential. In the words of Michael Jackson, The dream we were conceived in will reveal a joyful face, and the world we once believed in will shine again in grace. With the students of today being educated, the people of tomorrow will prosper. Now that Ive explained how my goi...

Free Trade and Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Free Trade and Protection - Essay Example There is no doubt pertaining to the fact that protection and free trade are the two approaches which can as much be resorted to by the developing world as by the developed world to meet their growth objectives and the domestic challenges. Especially more so when the US has an elaborate history of being open to the industrial products from foreign nations while strictly controlling the influx of their agricultural products. Pragmatically speaking, an allegiance of the developing world to the free trade will not be of any use to it, unless it aids in its objectives of poverty alleviation and extending health, nutrition, and education to the poorest of the poor. Considering the fact that large parts of China and India are facing a situation of severe drought, the producers of critical agricultural products in these two nations definitely needs to be protected. With farmers in the Telangana (India’s cotton belt) and Vidarbha (India’s breadbasket) parts of India committing s uicide owing to the massive losses incurred by them on a continuous basis and the inflation in India soaring to double-digit figures, India’s farming sector certainly needs to be protected from the onslaught of American farm products. The gravity of this tragedy is further accentuated by the fact that loan waivers of INR 60, 00 million extended by the Indian government failed to rescue the Indian farmers from a predominant mood of despondency, hopelessness, and frustration and the suicides are still continuing.... Especially more so when the US has an elaborate history of being open to the industrial products from foreign nations while strictly controlling the influx of their agricultural products. Pragmatically speaking, an allegiance of the developing world to the free trade will not be of any use to it, unless it aids in its objectives of poverty alleviation and extending health, nutrition and education to the poorest of the poor.Considering the fact that large parts of China and India are facing a situation of severe drought, the producers of critical agricultural products in these two nations definitely needs to be protected. With farmers in the Telengana (India's cotton belt) and Vidarbha (India's bread basket) parts of India committing suicide owing to the massive losses incurred by them on a continuous basis and the inflation in India soaring to double digit figures, India's farming sector certainly needs to be protected from the onslaught of American farm products. The gravity of this tragedy is further accentuated by the fact that a loan waver of INR 60, 00 million extended by the Indian government failed to rescue the Indian farmers from a predominant mood of despondency, hopelessness and frustration and the suicides are still continuing.Perhaps it is easy for the US to sing the songs of free trade, when its farming sector is primarily mechanized and employs merely 1.9 percent of its population. Contrary to this, China has nearly 23 percent of its population employed in agriculture while in India this figure stands at an astonishing 58 percent. Considering the contemporary recessionary global trends, the economic growth in India has already plummeted to 5.3 percent from the projected target of 7 percent. Large scale lay offs already becoming

Ethics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Ethics - Coursework Example This was in response to the killing of George Jackson in California’s San Quentin Prison. He was a black prisoner who was involved in prisoners’ activist movements. The riots involved taking hostage of 33 prison staff after the inmates had revolted and taken control of the prison. Though the prison authorities tried to negotiate, only twenty-eight requests of the prisoner’s were agreed upon but complete amnesty was not realized. Moreover, the authorities did not heed to the inmates demand to transfer of the prison superintendent. However, the prisoners were surpassed as the state police gained control. The rebellion resulted to thirty-nine death that included prisoners, civilian employees, and correctional officers. The Attica prison riots were caused by prisoners’ rebellion in regards to several prison conditions. The inmates claimed that the sleeping and living conditions had become unbearable; the prison wardens were cruel and insensitive to their welfares. Further, the riots stemmed from the abuse the prisoner faced in hands of the guards. Moreover, the cultural and social movements outside the prison compounds instigated the inmates to rebel. In addition, some prison neighborhood had encouraged collective militancy in other places of the states thus; it caused the prisoners to call or attention. Just like the 1970s prison conditions, most of the current prisons are still overcrowded. They lack basic facilities such as beds and sanitary equipments. In addition, literacy level within the modern prison setting is still very low. Several inmates are either functionally illiterate or illiterate. According to studies conducted on US prisons, approximately seven out of ten inmates were discovered to be