Software piracy: An overview

package package plagiarism An overviewSOFTWARE PIRACY IN AFRICASoftwargon plagiarism is a combination of two antithetic words which ar package and plagiarism.Softw atomic number 18 basin be defined as generic term for electronic computer programs which operate the computer itself excessively Microsoft Encarta dictionary defined the word computer packet product as programs and applications that can be visitation on a computer system. Piracy can simply be defined as the unauthorized reproduction, doubling and distributing or use of copyrighted materials as for this softw be plagiarisation can be the illegal copying of software for distribution at heart the organizations, schools, homes or to friends, clubs and other groups, or for duplicate, selling, and installing multiple copies onto personal and work computers.Citizens imitation or copy software illegally from Macromedia, Adobe, Symantec, Autodesk, Microsoft, Grisoft e.t.c. Africa happens to be the worlds largest and atomic number 16 among the most heavily populated chaste afterwards Asia it has unlike ethnic group. According to the plagiarization rate, Africa is one of the highest continents that has or make sea roverd soft wares in the world. With a 36% plagiarization rate, S touch offh Africa has the confusedly piracy rate in Africa, where Nigeria and Kenya are the highest within the region as for 2000-2001 with 71% and 77% respectively as Zimbabwe has the highest in the world where South Africa has honest one counterbalance above the overall average of 35%, according to the 3rd yearly international Data Corporation (IDC) and problem Software Alliance (BSA) overall software piracy study free-range recently. South Africas piracy rate has decreased one proportion flush in the current year, all the same distillery represents a 1.2b rand thrashing. The minor decrease in software piracy is qualified to great(p) medication defend and the obtaining of renowned laptops other th an desktop computers full by local assemblers.According to Stephan le Roux, the chairman of the Business Software Alliance (BSA) in South Africa in the following site http//www.ibls.com/internet_law_ recents_portal_view.aspx?id=1516s=latestnewsEditor, Maricelle Ruiz, IBLS Director Africa Wednesday, June 14, 2006Software piracy ruins one of the main hurdles to chthonianstand the possible of the information economy in South Africa, on the continent and plasteredly roughly the world, As we are happy that piracy levels are dropping, there is still an fear for our local economy that over a third of software in use is against the law. This anxiety rises when you look at somewhat countries in Africa, where as few as one in go copies of packaged software are legally remunerative for.Due to the analysis made, the average rate for the African countries reviewed surpassed 70%, in Zimbabwe 90% of the software used is illegal and banned. mutually with Vietnam, Zimbabwe has the maximum so ftware piracy rate in the world. The mainstream of the African countries for which exact data is available Cameroon (84%) Botswana and Ivory Coast, Algeria and Zambia (83%), Nigeria and Senegal (82%), Tunisia and Kenya (81%) occupy a piracy rate above 80%. The study estimates that the rest of the countries in Africa, incorporated under the entry of extra Africa, feature an average piracy rate of 84%. Egypt has been running to turn out to be a center for Arabic software, but similarly it has a 64% piracy rate with proportion point lower than the preceding year while Morocco, which has just been highly praised by the humanity Intellectual quality Organization for adopting dealings to improve its IP system, contained a 68% piracy rate four proportion points lower than the preceding succession. Morocco is among the four countries with the leading proportion point in the preceding year.According to Angola press, quoting Hlatshwayo in http//www.warsystems.hu/?p=189 by bodo on 16/10 /06 Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Botswana and Kenya are named as the principal culprits and As a result of piracy in Africa Microsoft lost $31 million mingled with 2004 and 2006.Many African development countries hire to progress to IT staffs and implements ICT to joint the todays global world, but to purchase single software is too dear(predicate) where they use this reason and makes piracy or uses pirated software what ever be the case, reasons for copying or reservation piracy are categorized into 3 1) purpose of use, 2) economic reasons, and 3) legal reasons.Purpose of useReasons in this compilation transmit to the reason of use (non-commercial use, running purposes at home, studying, testing) or to the method of using the software (momentary use, compatibility reasons). The subsequent examples demonstrate these views It is satisfactory in non-business use (for example, studying) it is non satisfactory for trade purposes. You preserve not research by means of costly software earlie r than you purchase it experimenting previously makes executive simple(a) and gives self-assurance, I experience the licensing cost for some(prenominal) a(prenominal) equipment foolishly patronize while I work at home in do-gooder to at work.Economic reasonsIn this compilation, the purpose for the illegal duplication of software is based on economic disregards. According to respondents, the motives after these reasons are paucity (lack of funds) and the wish to accumulate or save coin (cost-benefit/efficiency). The subsequent extracts demonstrate these views In a family there is a jobless computer professional person who necessarily to preserve and keep up his professionalSkills, but the family has no money, so the wholly opportunity is illegal or illegal copying of computer software. The cost-benefit association does not arrive up to hope. think, for example, games, which one can only play from initiatory to last once, and which outlay 250-350 Finnish marks 50-70 USD/EUR O. judicial reasonsIn this compilation, the purpose for illegal duplication of software is based on legal issues. According to respondents, the hulk was measured conventional, or it does not guess duplication as illegal doings. Examples follow It is not unlawful for personal persons (in Finnish rule this subject is not an illegal offence as far as persons are concerned) the accessible rule is bad, hard and conventional concerning this issue.Software piracy is an act that is against the law and has umteen problems or harms among the problems of software piracy areSoftware companies compact with very high losses receivable to software piracy.Pirates expand a lot of money from their software piracy.People are not engrossed that what they are doing is a crime.Reasons why the unauthorized copying of software is unacceptable are clustered into ternion different content categories negative consequences, free software available, moral and legal reasons and other reasons.Negative cons equencesThe reasons under this compilation are based on the perceived negative consequences of the unauthorized doubling of software. According to respondents, the duplication of software brings on the following kinds of harmful penalty the worth of software grow weaker, Systems run out since bulk in all-purpose are not paying software, the cost of software rises and the motion affects whole-souled and truthful users. Some respondents wrote in ACM Digital library p-siponen It is possible that the software will weaken in quality, if the software does not bring in anything (widespread copying). The producers of programs lose money and their hereafter production of software will suffer. The scathe of software stays high because only a few buy software.Moral and legal reasonsThe respondents asseverate wickedness at the same time as reasons against illegal copying of Software. Examples are as follows knavery if unlawful software is used on behalf of earning then that work is morally wrong. If software is duplicated destined for earning money or if it is copied in huge amounts or if individual earns ones income through and through repetition or copying, I believe those actions wrong I have l atrociously bought some of the software I use, but I alike have copies of software. If I ever guide program/programs for purposes of earning my living, I will definitely buy it/them.The chief here is Why Do Piracy Rates Differ? Generally unspecified factors to clarify piracy were grouped into four categories economic factor, technical factor, regulatory factor and complaisant factor. By looking at each of them individuallyEconomic Factors. Researchers have long documented the consequence of software price in piracy. According to Shin et al after his research in ACM Digital Library p-bagchi suggest that stark(a) Domestic Product (GDP) per capita is inversely related to software piracy level. Given the decrease in software prices, it may be that a landed estates GDP has less of an effect on piracy than it did some age ago. GDP was bringing into being to be a major marker of piracy in 1996 thus far not in 2001 or in 2003. More, GDP only might give explanation tho 62%63% of the difference in piracy. These findings may help clarify why dissimilar studies have indoors at dissimilar conclusions regarding the Role of GDP. It appears that the shrink in comparative cost of software has pointed the hold for piracy. Specified the raise in piracy above this time, nevertheless, it follows that supplementary factors are concerned, and promote that these factors are cost increase in shock.Technical Factors. Software piracy is assumed to be much widespread in nations with low IT infrastructure apt(p) that the eminence of existing software is minor. Thus, people frequently copy and work with pirated software. The trouble is compounded as software revisions occur. While the necessitate to remain ready for action in the gradation of upgrades is congenital, it is meaningful only if reasonable lots of researchers as well as consider that software piracy has also flourished through the beginning of the Internet given that some Web sites offer a complimentary software or at prices cheaper than the manufacturers.Regulatory Factors. By commanding elevated tariffs, therefore ever-increasing the cost of software, governments may innocently bide piracy. Developing nations repeatedly enforce elevated tariffs on computer products and thus their piracy rates are superior. It is also thought that low censures for import and elevated accessibility of pirated software are also reasons for piracy growth. Copyright rules are well thought-out extraneous-induced, without problems understood and outlying fewer strictly forced. According to Meso et al in ACM Digital Library p-bagchi he identified enforcement of copy write laws as a salient issue in the development of a sound national IT policy. However, governments do not consistently implement such(p renominal) rules, partly because of lax law-enforcement facilities and institutional traditions that tend to ignore corruption. Thus, while enforcement of intellectual property rights and proper nurture may alleviate the problem, in reality few offenders are caught or prosecuted. Occasional raids from law-enforcement regimen have seldom disturbed the flow of pirated software. In nations that allow pirated software to be ex alter at lower prices, black markets have flourished. Individuals and companies in these nations may not change surface be awake(predicate) that buying pirated software is illegal since the software has an aura of legitimacy. The overall effect of low censure and blue-blooded availability can be captured by the indicator of corruption. Corruption can be defined as the charge of obtaining rights that merely the State can lawfully award, such as p fiber in loans, taxation, subsidies, tariffs, regulation, and government contracting.Social/Cultural Factors. Thes e factors pass on to the established social or construction of a country and the attitudes joint by members of that society. Single assess of social or public structure is the merit between independence, an insecurely get in concert social network where people take care of themselves and collectivism, a strongly joined social network where the group reaction is strong. Software piracy is popular in collectivistic societies where people tend to create a psychological detachment among members of the in-group and the out-group. Obligations or devotion to in-groups are measured awfully essential, and in switch over people look forward to that members of in-groups will look after them. Out-groups, on the other hand are not deemed valuable of esteem, given that they do not donate to the wide comfort of the in-group. In such societies, software purchased by a person is estimated to be collective among members of the in-group. given that nearly all collectivistic societies lean to be thir d-worldor underdeveloped countries, software producers in oversea nations are viewed as out-groupEven though software piracy is against the law there are certain companies that benefit from software piracy according to the president of Microsoft Corps business division within a question at Morgan Stanley Technology Conference the president Jeff Raikes, he admitted to facilitate the ships companys benefits on or after software piracy in an provable tilt of the hat to the open basis software giving out replica he also added by saying there was a well furrow among seeing high numbers of consumers and making sure that they are using genuine products. He express our favorite objective is that we would like people to use our product. If theyre going to plagiarize someone, we would like it to be us to a certain extent than someone else, he progress says. And thats because we appreciate that in the long run the basic benefit is the install foundation of people who are workings with o ur products.Also in addition to that, according to Adrian a technology journalist and author who has devoted over a decade to portion users gets the most from technology. He also runs a popular blog called The PC Doctor. http//blogs.zdnet.com/ hardware/?p=111 on 4 October 2006 said I have a propensity to control my property here to hardware related matters, but I experience forced to remark on the newest turn awaysin theWindows authoritative Advantage saga. This newest twist is the declaration that Windows Vista is to containtechnology comparable to WGA intoit.This statement came out on 4 October 2006viaMicrosoft Press Pass in the form of a press release announcing software protection platform (SPP).Now, whileI dont overlook software piracy for a minute, I use to get it tough tomake much compassionfor the Redmond monster. The method that Microsoft has implemented SPP and WGA doesnt formulate it obvious that the judgment agreed on a PC can be flawed. As an alternative they areforc ing individuals who by mistake accused of software piracy to excavate bottomless hooked on their pockets and come up with an additional $149, all because of a software virus. That isnt just incorrect, its wickedness.Allow me suggest the subsequent reaction to career mistakenly condemning somebody of software piracy is in addition not victimless. See, the thing that bothers me concerning Windows Genuine Advantage and Software Protection Platform is not so much the technology but rather the Draconian way Microsoft is wielding this power over users. Microsoft is confidently dedicated to the perspective that everyone flagged as running a duplicated copy of Windows have to be running a duplicated copy. If the system works and just picks up on individuals running non-genuine copies of Windows, thats great.The world believes that everything that has advantages must have disadvantages after the advantage of software piracy according to some communities and companies software piracy disadv antages many people through different ways like the pirate, manufacturers, permanent consumer.If the pirate is caught, he or she spend time in prison, faces rigid and the company also decides to force cut down charges a pirate is very liable to download a Trojan or even fleck ware, but due to the fact that he likely does a lot of downloading in general, and also because many invented cracks and keygens are actually malware in costume.If pirates are pirating software from a particular company, the company does not incur as much money for their product. To manufacture software can be very expensive, and the cost necessitates to be recouped in the shear bulk of sales. Due to lack of revolving large profit, they cannot have enough money to finance another round of development, research and also cannot produce new and enhanced versions.The consumers has to deal with the modify anti-piracy safeguards, such as entering product activation key enactment, and sometimes even a spare don gle one must plug into their computer categorize the company who makes the software to offset the effects mentioned above, they have to increase the per-copy price of the software. Even Microsoft is not immune to this, thats why they created a $300 version of windows vista, even though XP professional only cost perhaps $200.Software piracy has different issues like ethical, professional, social, and legal. flavour at the ethical and professional issues we haveProgrammers and the theater artists lose income when copying and repetition is frequent due to extreme software piracy software companies loses a lot.Certainly we have the freedom to make a copy for a friend, but are duplicating of software an act of sympathy on our part or an act that need kindness reaction from the programmer?Even though large-scale marketable piracy is inferior, individual duplicating is still not ethical.Pricing that is far lower than the manufacturers price can be a warning, but lots of people believe the y are getting a good buy not a pirated program.Social issues areThere are lots of things we cannot find the money for so not being able to afford software is not an excuse for duplicating it.The amount and success of a company do not give reason for enchanting from it.The quantity of people copying software does not verify if it is right or not.People buy pirated software without realizing what theyre doing i.e. without knowing the implications of doing it.Customers use to buy products, such as books and CDs that can be shared with friends and family.There are lots of ways customers can be fooled in the sense that a pirated software dealer can sale many soft wares with a single key to the customers and within some days the software will request for original key. heavy issues areBut if you buy Windows, it doesnt belong to you, its Microsofts theyre just leasing you use it.Software piracy gets 7 years in prisonIs against the copyright lawThere are certain options to reduce software p iracy the solutions are categorized into four, namely ethical, social, legal, and market. We have protection under ethical, applying laws under legal, commandment under social and detection under market.Make sure the protection of leisure industry, publishers and software companies savings expected, or expected revenues.Apply on hand laws, policy, guidelines or increase new ones to protect copyright owners, but also to look after fair use, sensible community access, and the chance to use new technologies to the fullest to supply new utilitys.Technical, executive and lawful solutions include technologies to frighten duplication, selling and contractual changes that reduce the motivation to duplicate unlawfully.Educating with reference to the purpose for copyright guard, enforcement and reconsideration of copyright law.Ensure that citizens who work in manufacturing, marketing, and management are paid for the time and exertion they put to produce the vague academic property we benef it from.Also in addition to how to reduce or avoid software piracy in Africa on Monday, 30 July 2007 an member was released in http//www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4dir=2007/July/Monday30 with the following heading China in Raids to Limit Software Piracy in Africa The shift against computer software piracy in Africa has received a boost following raids and arrests made in southern China over the last two weeks, the result of the largest investigation of its kind in the world. The public Security Bureau (PSB) in China, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and hundreds of personal companies and allies have been cognitive operation as one to crack a most main(prenominal) software forging association. The association was supposedly liable for distributing US$2 billion (about P12.3 billion) take account of forged Microsoft software to 27 countries around the world, as well as Nigeria. Not only did this putting off software resellers from making lawful revenues, it also bare users to the risks related with using pirated software. The forged goods detained in the raids comprised 13 of Microsofts most well-liked products, counting Windows Vista, single-valued function 2007, Office 2003, Windows XP and Windows Server. Microsoft appreciates the work of Chinas Public Security Bureau in taking such burly enforcement action with these arrests and raids in southern China, said Abednego Hlatshwayo, Anti-Piracy Manager at Microsoft East and Southern Africa.This issue is supposed to serve as a come around call to forgers. Consumers and other organizations in the region of the world are revolving you in, and important act will be taken to defend intellectual property.In conclusions I learn that the software company is an area where home businesses can compete well with multinationals in both local and foreign markets. Yet, without suitable security in less-developed countries in the first place African countries where piracy rates are reasonably higher, software pirate s can devastate the income streams of small companies that have managed to utilely create particular niches in the companies. That piracy could be helpful to companies without the occurrence of Network effect. If customers have major dissimilarities in their minor value of Money, piracy can shrink competition and increase companys earnings. The solution to the Assessment is the fact that the same amount of money represents different worth to different customers. Poor customers usually value money more than rich customers. The companies therefore need to appoint in more excited competitions to attract these customers, which could be harmful on the whole loot of the company. And all software companies should joint Hand and tackle the pirates via applying laws, educating and detecting them.REFERENCESwww.google.comwww.about.comhttp//www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?id=1516s=latestnewshttp//blogs.zdnet.com/hardware/?p=111http//www.warsystems.hu/?p=189Multi dresser Work ing Child VunerabilityMulti Agency Working Child VunerabilityThere is a wealth of governmental enfranchisement and policy reforms upholding the notion of agencies working in partnership to die hard indefensible children. Previously to these reforms there had been a history of fragmentation between agencies and the therefore a inherent failure to share information resulting in catastrophic gaps in the support of vulnerable children. This was emphasised by Lord Laming (2002), and then the subsequent investigations and payoff of the Climbie report (2003) post the preventable death of Victoria Climbie. The perceived importance of early recognition and discourse as demonstrated in Every Child Matters. (2003, p3), DoH/DfES. (2004) We have to do more both to protect children and ensure each child fulfils their potential and the need for more co-located, multi-agency service in providing personalize support.The Childrens Act. (2004) was the culmination of the Green Paper DfES. (2003) Every Child MattersChange for Children Agenda, which dictated that every local ascendence has power to administer grouped budgets and implement a Childrens Trust in order to pull together services to tack the special needs of an individual child. Wilson, V. Pirrie, A. (2000) states that although partnership working is upheld as extremely confided for all children, those children with special educational needs and/or disabilities have formed the focus of much of the educational multi-agency activity. The aims of coordinating these services through a shared working practice across the health and education discipline whilst providing a therefore seamless service of support and a one-stop shop for all provisions, affirm up with the collaboration of Multi-agency working, are strongly emphasised within a plethora of governmental literary works DfES. (2003/2004). Joint working is therefore unequivocally viewed as the means of providing a more cohesive and therefore effective in corporate approach to addressing the needs of the child and family, and in doing so, overcoming many additional stresses that are imposed on families through fragmented support and services and therefore giving the child the best possible start in life DoH. (2006). Although no one argues against the benefits of integrated services Stiff. (2007), and there is clear decisive plunk for and direction for local restructuring and reorganisation to shape services to meet the needs of the most vulnerable children more effectively, the detail surrounding the configuration and delivery of local services has not been prescribed Rutter, M. (2006). There is stripped-down research-based evidence regarding the efficiency of multi-agency practice or suggesting which activity carried out by those agencies is most useful, with no coercive model of the many factors influencing its success Salmon, G. (2004). However, the Government has demonstrated a substantial commitment to local authorities devel oping multi-agency partnerships, providing considerable flexibility for those local authorities and communities to develop their own multi-agency activities, tailored to meet specific needs of their individual areas. However it has often proved difficult to establish the exact impact of multi-agency working, mainly because of the difficulty of isolating why and how a particular outcome has been achieved. This is changing as major programmes are evaluated, Atkinson et al, (2002) states that other commonly identified outcomes of multi-agency work are an increase in access to services not previously available and therefore a wider range of services, easier or quicker access to services or expertise, improved educational attainment and better engagement in education by pupils, early identification and intervention, better support for parents, childrens needs addressed more appropriately, better quality services, a reduced need for more specialist services and benefits for staff within t hose services.Introduction to the SEN Team (SENCo)There are many aggroups working within the umbrella of education and child services, one particular team is that of the Special educational need team, this case study will focus on the role of the Special Educational Needs Coordinator (SENCo). The role of the SENCo has been formally established Cowne, E (2003) since the 1994 code of practice DFE (1994) when all schools in England and Wales were required to have a designated teacher in the role of special educational needs coordinator (SENCo). But many schools had SENCos sooner that date, as the role had been developing since the mid 1980s when training of SENCos had begun in most LEAs. The 1994 code of practice DFE (1994) detailed the tasks that should be covered in the role of the SENCo. These tasks included liaising with external agencies including the educational psychology service and other support agencies, medical and social services and voluntary bodies DFE (1994, para 2.14 ). A revised code of practice Dfes (2001) added the responsibility of managing the SEN team of teachers and learning support assistants within the educational establishment where recently publications.parliament.uk (2006) its entailment was re-affirmed. SENCos play a key role in building schools capacity and skills in meeting childrens SEN because of their significant role in advising other members of staff on SEN matters, linking with parents and working within the multi-agency arena. There is substantial literature related to SENCos authored by researchers, academics and practitioners, in particular, the nature, remit and working conditions of SENCos have been the subject of considerable interest. At school-level, the expectations on, activities of and working condition of SENCos remain highly variable.Barriers how are they overcome (Theory and practice)The achievement of effective multi-agency working within the SEN arena has proved more difficult to achieve than was initially anticipated. In order to create a mood of change where SEN professionals and agencies can work effectively together it is needed that the participants understand what the barriers to change are. Some of the barriers to achieving more effective multi-agency working within the SEN environment that have been identified by DFes (2007) are professionalism conflicting priorities of different agencies dealing with risk and the need to change the culture of organisations. Working in collaboration with other professionals and agencies involves SEN and multi-agency workers pitiful out of their comfort zone and taking risks. Anning, A. (2001, p.8) highlights, However, minute attention has been given to two significant aspects of the in operation(p)isation of integrated services. The first is the challenge for SEN workers of creating new professional identities in the ever changing communities of practice (who I am). The second is for workers to openly communicate and share their personal an d professional knowledge in order to create a new version of knowledge (what I know) for a new multi-agency way of working. Lownsbrough, H. and OLeary, D. (2005) states that Despite the genuine support of Every Child Matters, all SEN professionals are faced with the constant challenge of not reverting back to their comfort zone of their organisational boundaries, their professional authority and life inside these traditional boundaries can be far less complex and threatening, and after years of working in a particular fashion they are not easily forgotten. Although no one argues against the benefits of integrated services of multi-agency working Stiff, R. (2007), and there is clear strategical backing and direction for local restructuring and reorganisation to configure SEN services to meet the needs of the most vulnerable children more effectively. There is still little research-based evidence regarding the efficiency of multi-agency strategies or suggesting which activity is most useful, with no comprehensive model of the issues influencing its success Salmon, G. (2004). However, Government has demonstrated substantial commitment to local authorities developing multi-agency partnerships of which SEN is part of, and also providing considerable flexibility for local authorities and communities to develop their own multi-agency activities, tailored to meet their own local needs.Joined-up working has deep implications for the professionals working within the SEN teams, and for the agencies that commission their services. In multi-agency team work, professional knowledge boundaries could have a tendency to become blurred, professional indistinguishability can become challenged as roles, and responsibilities change. Some SEN team members may struggle to cope with the fragmentation of one version of their professional identity before a new version can be built. Moreover, the rapid pace of SEN reform leaves little time for adjustment as SEN teams move (often within tight time scales) from strategic planning to operational implementation, with little time for joint training Birchall, E. Hallett, C. (1995).However, it could also be said Freeman, M, Miller Ross, (2002) Harker, Dobel-Ober, Berridge Sinclair, (2004) that SEN team members are more likely to deliver on their objectives with sufficient planning and support from partnering agencies that established the teams in the first place which inturn leads on to empower inter-professional collaboration which include not only enhancing coordination structurally, but also establishing a culture of commitment at a strategic and operational plane to overcome professionally place attitudes.4. The Way ForwardIt has been said Bowlby, J. (1988) that children need a secure base from which to explore the world. SEN practitioners also need a secure base in the knowledge that has been acquired though training and practice. Perhaps there is a need for an individual to value what they know and be confiden t about their knowledge. At the same time to be aware that their professionalism relies on constant updating of working practice and skills via work training and further education, and being aware that there is always something new to be learnt or shared. SEN Professionals now and in the future need to be able to draw on the professional skills that they have, but not to be rule by them. If they are secure in what they know it could be said that this should enable them to have the government agency to challenge their own thinking and to be open to the different perspectives of other multi-agency professionals. Therefore it can be said that If SEN professionals are to challenge themselves and others through collaborative dialogue they would also need to be emotionally contained themselves Bion, W. (1962). This act requires good honest SENCo leadership and a culture where trusting relationships can be built. Harris, B. (2004) exposit trusting relationships as broadly taking place w ithin three dimensions, based in conceptions of emotionality. effectively these dimensions add up to conditions in which staff first experience a sense of their own value within an organization, in which they feel comfortable about their own abilities and needs second that through confirmative relationships within the organization they reflect upon practice, in dialogue with colleagues, and thirdly they work together to create change and improvement in the setting, or organization, confident of support. Clearly, in order to build effective and trusting relationships SEN team members would need to understand themselves and to have the confidence to share more with others. This process of cultural change is essential if multi-agency working is going to be able to provide better services to children and their families alike.